diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-licenses.yml b/.github/workflows/cron-licenses.yml
index 12f52289b6..a8be1ffa59 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-licenses.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-licenses.yml
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ jobs:
   cron-licenses:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository == 'go-gitea/gitea'
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
diff --git a/.github/workflows/cron-translations.yml b/.github/workflows/cron-translations.yml
index ae2238ad2d..3a012e9876 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/cron-translations.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/cron-translations.yml
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ jobs:
   crowdin-pull:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     if: github.repository == 'go-gitea/gitea'
+    permissions:
+      contents: write
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: crowdin/github-action@v1
         with:
           upload_sources: true
diff --git a/.github/workflows/files-changed.yml b/.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
index b21341a277..d18ee6e998 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
@@ -24,6 +24,8 @@ jobs:
   detect:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
     timeout-minutes: 3
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     outputs:
       backend: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.backend }}
       frontend: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.frontend }}
@@ -34,7 +36,7 @@ jobs:
       swagger: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.swagger }}
       yaml: ${{ steps.changes.outputs.yaml }}
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: dorny/paths-filter@v3
         id: changes
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pull-compliance.yml b/.github/workflows/pull-compliance.yml
index f73772e934..c146b439e0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-compliance.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-compliance.yml
@@ -10,13 +10,17 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
   files-changed:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
 
   lint-backend:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -30,8 +34,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.templates == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
       - run: uv python install 3.12
       - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
@@ -46,8 +52,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.yaml == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: astral-sh/setup-uv@v6
       - run: uv python install 3.12
       - run: make deps-py
@@ -57,8 +65,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.swagger == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
@@ -70,8 +80,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.frontend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.docs == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.templates == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -82,8 +94,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -99,8 +113,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -114,8 +130,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -127,8 +145,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.frontend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
@@ -143,8 +163,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -175,8 +197,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.docs == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: pnpm/action-setup@v4
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v5
         with:
@@ -188,8 +212,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pull-db-tests.yml b/.github/workflows/pull-db-tests.yml
index 21ec76b48e..66f48d5af8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-db-tests.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-db-tests.yml
@@ -10,11 +10,15 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
   files-changed:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
 
   test-pgsql:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     services:
       pgsql:
         image: postgres:14
@@ -38,7 +42,7 @@ jobs:
         ports:
           - "9000:9000"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -65,8 +69,10 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -90,6 +96,8 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     services:
       elasticsearch:
         image: elasticsearch:7.5.0
@@ -124,7 +132,7 @@ jobs:
         ports:
           - 10000:10000
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -152,6 +160,8 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     services:
       mysql:
         # the bitnami mysql image has more options than the official one, it's easier to customize
@@ -177,7 +187,7 @@ jobs:
           - "587:587"
           - "993:993"
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
@@ -203,6 +213,8 @@ jobs:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.backend == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     services:
       mssql:
         image: mcr.microsoft.com/mssql/server:2019-latest
@@ -217,7 +229,7 @@ jobs:
         ports:
           - 10000:10000
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: actions/setup-go@v6
         with:
           go-version-file: go.mod
diff --git a/.github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml b/.github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml
index 9c9dd2ffe6..1cd1ba31dd 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/pull-docker-dryrun.yml
@@ -10,13 +10,17 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
   files-changed:
     uses: ./.github/workflows/files-changed.yml
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
 
   container:
     if: needs.files-changed.outputs.docker == 'true' || needs.files-changed.outputs.actions == 'true'
     needs: files-changed
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       - uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
       - name: Build regular container image
         uses: docker/build-push-action@v5
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml b/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
index ada4c18d33..c8ce0aa787 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-nightly.yml
@@ -11,8 +11,10 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
   nightly-binary:
     runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-binary
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
       # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
       - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
@@ -56,12 +58,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: upload binaries to s3
         run: |
           aws s3 sync dist/release s3://${{ secrets.AWS_S3_BUCKET }}/gitea/${{ steps.clean_name.outputs.branch }} --no-progress
+
   nightly-container:
     runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
     permissions:
+      contents: read
       packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
       # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
       - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-tag-rc.yml b/.github/workflows/release-tag-rc.yml
index 35558933e0..ef36e55a94 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release-tag-rc.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-tag-rc.yml
@@ -12,8 +12,10 @@ concurrency:
 jobs:
   binary:
     runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-binary
+    permissions:
+      contents: read
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
       # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
       - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
@@ -66,12 +68,14 @@ jobs:
           gh release create ${{ github.ref_name }} --title ${{ github.ref_name }} --draft --notes-from-tag dist/release/*
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_TOKEN }}
+
   container:
     runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
     permissions:
+      contents: read
       packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
       # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
       - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
diff --git a/.github/workflows/release-tag-version.yml b/.github/workflows/release-tag-version.yml
index 56426d3bc3..a3838de3c0 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/release-tag-version.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/release-tag-version.yml
@@ -15,9 +15,10 @@ jobs:
   binary:
     runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-binary
     permissions:
+      contents: read
       packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
       # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
       - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
@@ -70,12 +71,14 @@ jobs:
           gh release create ${{ github.ref_name }} --title ${{ github.ref_name }} --notes-from-tag dist/release/*
         env:
           GITHUB_TOKEN: ${{ secrets.RELEASE_TOKEN }}
+
   container:
     runs-on: namespace-profile-gitea-release-docker
     permissions:
+      contents: read
       packages: write # to publish to ghcr.io
     steps:
-      - uses: actions/checkout@v5
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v6
       # fetch all commits instead of only the last as some branches are long lived and could have many between versions
       # fetch all tags to ensure that "git describe" reports expected Gitea version, eg. v1.21.0-dev-1-g1234567
       - run: git fetch --unshallow --quiet --tags --force
diff --git a/.golangci.yml b/.golangci.yml
index 2f1587a1e6..45083d5fd2 100644
--- a/.golangci.yml
+++ b/.golangci.yml
@@ -6,10 +6,12 @@ linters:
   default: none
   enable:
     - bidichk
+    - bodyclose
     - depguard
     - dupl
     - errcheck
     - forbidigo
+    - gocheckcompilerdirectives
     - gocritic
     - govet
     - ineffassign
diff --git a/cmd/admin_auth_ldap_test.go b/cmd/admin_auth_ldap_test.go
index 2da7ebc573..0e3e465e81 100644
--- a/cmd/admin_auth_ldap_test.go
+++ b/cmd/admin_auth_ldap_test.go
@@ -233,7 +233,7 @@ func TestAddLdapBindDn(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			getAuthSourceByID: func(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*auth.Source, error) {
 				assert.FailNow(t, "getAuthSourceByID called", "case %d: should not call getAuthSourceByID", n)
-				return nil, nil
+				return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // mock function covering improper behavior
 			},
 		}
 
@@ -463,7 +463,7 @@ func TestAddLdapSimpleAuth(t *testing.T) {
 			},
 			getAuthSourceByID: func(ctx context.Context, id int64) (*auth.Source, error) {
 				assert.FailNow(t, "getAuthSourceById called", "case %d: should not call getAuthSourceByID", n)
-				return nil, nil
+				return nil, nil //nolint:nilnil // mock function covering improper behavior
 			},
 		}
 
diff --git a/custom/conf/app.example.ini b/custom/conf/app.example.ini
index 2ade845590..475c62ab6c 100644
--- a/custom/conf/app.example.ini
+++ b/custom/conf/app.example.ini
@@ -733,6 +733,9 @@ LEVEL = Info
 ;DISABLE_CORE_PROTECT_NTFS=false
 ;; Disable the usage of using partial clones for git.
 ;DISABLE_PARTIAL_CLONE = false
+;; Set the similarity threshold passed to git commands via `--find-renames=<threshold>`.
+;; Default is 50%, the same as git. Must be a integer percentage between 0% and 100%.
+;DIFF_RENAME_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD = 50%
 
 ;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;
 ;; Git Operation timeout in seconds
diff --git a/go.mod b/go.mod
index 6806e76ffc..130820a55c 100644
--- a/go.mod
+++ b/go.mod
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ require (
 	github.com/ProtonMail/go-crypto v1.3.0
 	github.com/PuerkitoBio/goquery v1.10.3
 	github.com/SaveTheRbtz/zstd-seekable-format-go/pkg v0.8.0
-	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.20.0
+	github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.21.0
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/credentials v1.18.10
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/codecommit v1.32.2
 	github.com/blakesmith/ar v0.0.0-20190502131153-809d4375e1fb
diff --git a/go.sum b/go.sum
index 86fe782ae7..92013e195a 100644
--- a/go.sum
+++ b/go.sum
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ github.com/SaveTheRbtz/zstd-seekable-format-go/pkg v0.8.0/go.mod h1:1HmmMEVsr+0R
 github.com/alecthomas/assert/v2 v2.11.0 h1:2Q9r3ki8+JYXvGsDyBXwH3LcJ+WK5D0gc5E8vS6K3D0=
 github.com/alecthomas/assert/v2 v2.11.0/go.mod h1:Bze95FyfUr7x34QZrjL+XP+0qgp/zg8yS+TtBj1WA3k=
 github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.2.0/go.mod h1:vf4zrexSH54oEjJ7EdB65tGNHmH3pGZmVkgTP5RHvAs=
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.20.0 h1:sfIHpxPyR07/Oylvmcai3X/exDlE8+FA820NTz+9sGw=
-github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.20.0/go.mod h1:e7tViK0xh/Nf4BYHl00ycY6rV7b8iXBksI9E359yNmA=
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.21.0 h1:YVW9qQAFnQm2OFPPFQg6G/TpMxKSsUr/KUPDi/BEqtY=
+github.com/alecthomas/chroma/v2 v2.21.0/go.mod h1:NqVhfBR0lte5Ouh3DcthuUCTUpDC9cxBOfyMbMQPs3o=
 github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.0.0-20220113201626-b1b626ac65ae/go.mod h1:2kn6fqh/zIyPLmm3ugklbEi5hg5wS435eygvNfaDQL8=
-github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.5.1 h1:E3G4t2QbHTSNpPKBgMTln5KLkZHLOcU7r37J4pXBuIg=
-github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.5.1/go.mod h1:Fr0507jx4eOXV7AlPV6AVZLYrLIuIeSOWtW57eE/O/4=
+github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.5.2 h1:SU73FTI9D1P5UNtvseffFSGmdNci/O6RsqzeXJtP0Qs=
+github.com/alecthomas/repr v0.5.2/go.mod h1:Fr0507jx4eOXV7AlPV6AVZLYrLIuIeSOWtW57eE/O/4=
 github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa h1:LHTHcTQiSGT7VVbI0o4wBRNQIgn917usHWOd6VAffYI=
 github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20231016080023-1a75b4708caa/go.mod h1:cEWa1LVoE5KvSD9ONXsZrj0z6KqySlCCNKHlLzbqAt4=
 github.com/andybalholm/brotli v1.2.0 h1:ukwgCxwYrmACq68yiUqwIWnGY0cTPox/M94sVwToPjQ=
diff --git a/models/issues/pull_list.go b/models/issues/pull_list.go
index 84f9f6166d..19d727ecbd 100644
--- a/models/issues/pull_list.go
+++ b/models/issues/pull_list.go
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 
 	"xorm.io/builder"
@@ -324,12 +325,26 @@ func (prs PullRequestList) LoadReviews(ctx context.Context) (ReviewList, error)
 
 // HasMergedPullRequestInRepo returns whether the user(poster) has merged pull-request in the repo
 func HasMergedPullRequestInRepo(ctx context.Context, repoID, posterID int64) (bool, error) {
-	return db.GetEngine(ctx).
+	return HasMergedPullRequestInRepoBefore(ctx, repoID, posterID, 0, 0)
+}
+
+// HasMergedPullRequestInRepoBefore returns whether the user has a merged PR before a timestamp (0 = no limit)
+func HasMergedPullRequestInRepoBefore(ctx context.Context, repoID, posterID int64, beforeUnix timeutil.TimeStamp, excludePullID int64) (bool, error) {
+	sess := db.GetEngine(ctx).
 		Join("INNER", "pull_request", "pull_request.issue_id = issue.id").
 		Where("repo_id=?", repoID).
 		And("poster_id=?", posterID).
 		And("is_pull=?", true).
-		And("pull_request.has_merged=?", true).
+		And("pull_request.has_merged=?", true)
+
+	if beforeUnix > 0 {
+		sess.And("pull_request.merged_unix < ?", beforeUnix)
+	}
+	if excludePullID > 0 {
+		sess.And("pull_request.id != ?", excludePullID)
+	}
+
+	return sess.
 		Select("issue.id").
 		Limit(1).
 		Get(new(Issue))
diff --git a/models/perm/access/repo_permission.go b/models/perm/access/repo_permission.go
index f5b7c9ef33..f1c1c3f552 100644
--- a/models/perm/access/repo_permission.go
+++ b/models/perm/access/repo_permission.go
@@ -281,8 +281,14 @@ func GetActionsUserRepoPermission(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Reposito
 		if !actionsCfg.IsCollaborativeOwner(taskRepo.OwnerID) || !taskRepo.IsPrivate {
 			// The task repo can access the current repo only if the task repo is private and
 			// the owner of the task repo is a collaborative owner of the current repo.
-			// FIXME allow public repo read access if tokenless pull is enabled
 			// FIXME should owner's visibility also be considered here?
+
+			// check permission like simple user but limit to read-only
+			perm, err = GetUserRepoPermission(ctx, repo, user_model.NewActionsUser())
+			if err != nil {
+				return perm, err
+			}
+			perm.AccessMode = min(perm.AccessMode, perm_model.AccessModeRead)
 			return perm, nil
 		}
 		// Cross-repo access is always read-only
diff --git a/models/repo/repo.go b/models/repo/repo.go
index 819356dfad..605a9e0f3f 100644
--- a/models/repo/repo.go
+++ b/models/repo/repo.go
@@ -869,16 +869,6 @@ func GetRepositoriesMapByIDs(ctx context.Context, ids []int64) (map[int64]*Repos
 	return repos, db.GetEngine(ctx).In("id", ids).Find(&repos)
 }
 
-// IsRepositoryModelOrDirExist returns true if the repository with given name under user has already existed.
-func IsRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User, repoName string) (bool, error) {
-	has, err := IsRepositoryModelExist(ctx, u, repoName)
-	if err != nil {
-		return false, err
-	}
-	isDir, err := util.IsDir(RepoPath(u.Name, repoName))
-	return has || isDir, err
-}
-
 func IsRepositoryModelExist(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User, repoName string) (bool, error) {
 	return db.GetEngine(ctx).Get(&Repository{
 		OwnerID:   u.ID,
diff --git a/models/repo/update.go b/models/repo/update.go
index 3228ae11a4..bf560cf695 100644
--- a/models/repo/update.go
+++ b/models/repo/update.go
@@ -9,8 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
-	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 )
 
@@ -106,35 +104,6 @@ func (err ErrRepoFilesAlreadyExist) Unwrap() error {
 	return util.ErrAlreadyExist
 }
 
-// CheckCreateRepository check if doer could create a repository in new owner
-func CheckCreateRepository(ctx context.Context, doer, owner *user_model.User, name string, overwriteOrAdopt bool) error {
-	if !doer.CanCreateRepoIn(owner) {
-		return ErrReachLimitOfRepo{owner.MaxRepoCreation}
-	}
-
-	if err := IsUsableRepoName(name); err != nil {
-		return err
-	}
-
-	has, err := IsRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx, owner, name)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("IsRepositoryExist: %w", err)
-	} else if has {
-		return ErrRepoAlreadyExist{owner.Name, name}
-	}
-
-	repoPath := RepoPath(owner.Name, name)
-	isExist, err := util.IsExist(repoPath)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", repoPath, err)
-		return err
-	}
-	if !overwriteOrAdopt && isExist {
-		return ErrRepoFilesAlreadyExist{owner.Name, name}
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // UpdateRepoSize updates the repository size, calculating it using getDirectorySize
 func UpdateRepoSize(ctx context.Context, repoID, gitSize, lfsSize int64) error {
 	_, err := db.GetEngine(ctx).ID(repoID).Cols("size", "git_size", "lfs_size").NoAutoTime().Update(&Repository{
diff --git a/models/user/search.go b/models/user/search.go
index db4b07f64a..36d1d3913b 100644
--- a/models/user/search.go
+++ b/models/user/search.go
@@ -18,6 +18,23 @@ import (
 	"xorm.io/xorm"
 )
 
+// AdminUserOrderByMap represents all possible admin user search orders
+// This should only be used for admin API endpoints as we should not expose "updated" ordering which could expose recent user activity including logins.
+var AdminUserOrderByMap = map[string]map[string]db.SearchOrderBy{
+	"asc": {
+		"name":    db.SearchOrderByAlphabetically,
+		"created": db.SearchOrderByOldest,
+		"updated": db.SearchOrderByLeastUpdated,
+		"id":      db.SearchOrderByID,
+	},
+	"desc": {
+		"name":    db.SearchOrderByAlphabeticallyReverse,
+		"created": db.SearchOrderByNewest,
+		"updated": db.SearchOrderByRecentUpdated,
+		"id":      db.SearchOrderByIDReverse,
+	},
+}
+
 // SearchUserOptions contains the options for searching
 type SearchUserOptions struct {
 	db.ListOptions
diff --git a/modules/charset/charset.go b/modules/charset/charset.go
index 597ce5120c..b156654973 100644
--- a/modules/charset/charset.go
+++ b/modules/charset/charset.go
@@ -5,12 +5,10 @@ package charset
 
 import (
 	"bytes"
-	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"strings"
 	"unicode/utf8"
 
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 
@@ -23,60 +21,39 @@ import (
 var UTF8BOM = []byte{'\xef', '\xbb', '\xbf'}
 
 type ConvertOpts struct {
-	KeepBOM bool
+	KeepBOM           bool
+	ErrorReplacement  []byte
+	ErrorReturnOrigin bool
 }
 
+var ToUTF8WithFallbackReaderPrefetchSize = 16 * 1024
+
 // ToUTF8WithFallbackReader detects the encoding of content and converts to UTF-8 reader if possible
 func ToUTF8WithFallbackReader(rd io.Reader, opts ConvertOpts) io.Reader {
-	buf := make([]byte, 2048)
+	buf := make([]byte, ToUTF8WithFallbackReaderPrefetchSize)
 	n, err := util.ReadAtMost(rd, buf)
 	if err != nil {
-		return io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(MaybeRemoveBOM(buf[:n], opts)), rd)
-	}
-
-	charsetLabel, err := DetectEncoding(buf[:n])
-	if err != nil || charsetLabel == "UTF-8" {
-		return io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(MaybeRemoveBOM(buf[:n], opts)), rd)
-	}
-
-	encoding, _ := charset.Lookup(charsetLabel)
-	if encoding == nil {
+		// read error occurs, don't do any processing
 		return io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(buf[:n]), rd)
 	}
 
-	return transform.NewReader(
-		io.MultiReader(
-			bytes.NewReader(MaybeRemoveBOM(buf[:n], opts)),
-			rd,
-		),
-		encoding.NewDecoder(),
-	)
-}
-
-// ToUTF8 converts content to UTF8 encoding
-func ToUTF8(content []byte, opts ConvertOpts) (string, error) {
-	charsetLabel, err := DetectEncoding(content)
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", err
-	} else if charsetLabel == "UTF-8" {
-		return string(MaybeRemoveBOM(content, opts)), nil
+	charsetLabel, _ := DetectEncoding(buf[:n])
+	if charsetLabel == "UTF-8" {
+		// is utf-8, try to remove BOM and read it as-is
+		return io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(maybeRemoveBOM(buf[:n], opts)), rd)
 	}
 
 	encoding, _ := charset.Lookup(charsetLabel)
 	if encoding == nil {
-		return string(content), fmt.Errorf("Unknown encoding: %s", charsetLabel)
+		// unknown charset, don't do any processing
+		return io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(buf[:n]), rd)
 	}
 
-	// If there is an error, we concatenate the nicely decoded part and the
-	// original left over. This way we won't lose much data.
-	result, n, err := transform.Bytes(encoding.NewDecoder(), content)
-	if err != nil {
-		result = append(result, content[n:]...)
-	}
-
-	result = MaybeRemoveBOM(result, opts)
-
-	return string(result), err
+	// convert from charset to utf-8
+	return transform.NewReader(
+		io.MultiReader(bytes.NewReader(buf[:n]), rd),
+		encoding.NewDecoder(),
+	)
 }
 
 // ToUTF8WithFallback detects the encoding of content and converts to UTF-8 if possible
@@ -85,73 +62,84 @@ func ToUTF8WithFallback(content []byte, opts ConvertOpts) []byte {
 	return bs
 }
 
-// ToUTF8DropErrors makes sure the return string is valid utf-8; attempts conversion if possible
-func ToUTF8DropErrors(content []byte, opts ConvertOpts) []byte {
-	charsetLabel, err := DetectEncoding(content)
-	if err != nil || charsetLabel == "UTF-8" {
-		return MaybeRemoveBOM(content, opts)
+func ToUTF8DropErrors(content []byte) []byte {
+	return ToUTF8(content, ConvertOpts{ErrorReplacement: []byte{' '}})
+}
+
+func ToUTF8(content []byte, opts ConvertOpts) []byte {
+	charsetLabel, _ := DetectEncoding(content)
+	if charsetLabel == "UTF-8" {
+		return maybeRemoveBOM(content, opts)
 	}
 
 	encoding, _ := charset.Lookup(charsetLabel)
 	if encoding == nil {
+		setting.PanicInDevOrTesting("unsupported detected charset %q, it shouldn't happen", charsetLabel)
 		return content
 	}
 
-	// We ignore any non-decodable parts from the file.
-	// Some parts might be lost
 	var decoded []byte
 	decoder := encoding.NewDecoder()
 	idx := 0
-	for {
+	for idx < len(content) {
 		result, n, err := transform.Bytes(decoder, content[idx:])
 		decoded = append(decoded, result...)
 		if err == nil {
 			break
 		}
-		decoded = append(decoded, ' ')
-		idx = idx + n + 1
-		if idx >= len(content) {
-			break
+		if opts.ErrorReturnOrigin {
+			return content
 		}
+		if opts.ErrorReplacement == nil {
+			decoded = append(decoded, content[idx+n])
+		} else {
+			decoded = append(decoded, opts.ErrorReplacement...)
+		}
+		idx += n + 1
 	}
-
-	return MaybeRemoveBOM(decoded, opts)
+	return maybeRemoveBOM(decoded, opts)
 }
 
-// MaybeRemoveBOM removes a UTF-8 BOM from a []byte when opts.KeepBOM is false
-func MaybeRemoveBOM(content []byte, opts ConvertOpts) []byte {
+// maybeRemoveBOM removes a UTF-8 BOM from a []byte when opts.KeepBOM is false
+func maybeRemoveBOM(content []byte, opts ConvertOpts) []byte {
 	if opts.KeepBOM {
 		return content
 	}
-	if len(content) > 2 && bytes.Equal(content[0:3], UTF8BOM) {
-		return content[3:]
-	}
-	return content
+	return bytes.TrimPrefix(content, UTF8BOM)
 }
 
 // DetectEncoding detect the encoding of content
-func DetectEncoding(content []byte) (string, error) {
+// it always returns a detected or guessed "encoding" string, no matter error happens or not
+func DetectEncoding(content []byte) (encoding string, _ error) {
 	// First we check if the content represents valid utf8 content excepting a truncated character at the end.
 
 	// Now we could decode all the runes in turn but this is not necessarily the cheapest thing to do
-	// instead we walk backwards from the end to trim off a the incomplete character
+	// instead we walk backwards from the end to trim off the incomplete character
 	toValidate := content
 	end := len(toValidate) - 1
 
-	if end < 0 {
-		// no-op
-	} else if toValidate[end]>>5 == 0b110 {
-		// Incomplete 1 byte extension e.g. © <c2><a9> which has been truncated to <c2>
-		toValidate = toValidate[:end]
-	} else if end > 0 && toValidate[end]>>6 == 0b10 && toValidate[end-1]>>4 == 0b1110 {
-		// Incomplete 2 byte extension e.g. ⛔ <e2><9b><94> which has been truncated to <e2><9b>
-		toValidate = toValidate[:end-1]
-	} else if end > 1 && toValidate[end]>>6 == 0b10 && toValidate[end-1]>>6 == 0b10 && toValidate[end-2]>>3 == 0b11110 {
-		// Incomplete 3 byte extension e.g. 💩 <f0><9f><92><a9> which has been truncated to <f0><9f><92>
-		toValidate = toValidate[:end-2]
+	// U+0000   U+007F 	  0yyyzzzz
+	// U+0080   U+07FF 	  110xxxyy 	10yyzzzz
+	// U+0800   U+FFFF 	  1110wwww 	10xxxxyy 	10yyzzzz
+	// U+010000 U+10FFFF 	11110uvv 	10vvwwww 	10xxxxyy 	10yyzzzz
+	cnt := 0
+	for end >= 0 && cnt < 4 {
+		c := toValidate[end]
+		if c>>5 == 0b110 || c>>4 == 0b1110 || c>>3 == 0b11110 {
+			// a leading byte
+			toValidate = toValidate[:end]
+			break
+		} else if c>>6 == 0b10 {
+			// a continuation byte
+			end--
+		} else {
+			// not an utf-8 byte
+			break
+		}
+		cnt++
 	}
+
 	if utf8.Valid(toValidate) {
-		log.Debug("Detected encoding: utf-8 (fast)")
 		return "UTF-8", nil
 	}
 
@@ -160,7 +148,7 @@ func DetectEncoding(content []byte) (string, error) {
 	if len(content) < 1024 {
 		// Check if original content is valid
 		if _, err := textDetector.DetectBest(content); err != nil {
-			return "", err
+			return util.IfZero(setting.Repository.AnsiCharset, "UTF-8"), err
 		}
 		times := 1024 / len(content)
 		detectContent = make([]byte, 0, times*len(content))
@@ -171,14 +159,10 @@ func DetectEncoding(content []byte) (string, error) {
 		detectContent = content
 	}
 
-	// Now we can't use DetectBest or just results[0] because the result isn't stable - so we need a tie break
+	// Now we can't use DetectBest or just results[0] because the result isn't stable - so we need a tie-break
 	results, err := textDetector.DetectAll(detectContent)
 	if err != nil {
-		if err == chardet.NotDetectedError && len(setting.Repository.AnsiCharset) > 0 {
-			log.Debug("Using default AnsiCharset: %s", setting.Repository.AnsiCharset)
-			return setting.Repository.AnsiCharset, nil
-		}
-		return "", err
+		return util.IfZero(setting.Repository.AnsiCharset, "UTF-8"), err
 	}
 
 	topConfidence := results[0].Confidence
@@ -201,11 +185,9 @@ func DetectEncoding(content []byte) (string, error) {
 	}
 
 	// FIXME: to properly decouple this function the fallback ANSI charset should be passed as an argument
-	if topResult.Charset != "UTF-8" && len(setting.Repository.AnsiCharset) > 0 {
-		log.Debug("Using default AnsiCharset: %s", setting.Repository.AnsiCharset)
+	if topResult.Charset != "UTF-8" && setting.Repository.AnsiCharset != "" {
 		return setting.Repository.AnsiCharset, err
 	}
 
-	log.Debug("Detected encoding: %s", topResult.Charset)
-	return topResult.Charset, err
+	return topResult.Charset, nil
 }
diff --git a/modules/charset/charset_test.go b/modules/charset/charset_test.go
index cd2e3b9aaa..0314abc347 100644
--- a/modules/charset/charset_test.go
+++ b/modules/charset/charset_test.go
@@ -4,108 +4,89 @@
 package charset
 
 import (
-	"bytes"
 	"io"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
-func resetDefaultCharsetsOrder() {
-	defaultDetectedCharsetsOrder := make([]string, 0, len(setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetsOrder))
-	for _, charset := range setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetsOrder {
-		defaultDetectedCharsetsOrder = append(defaultDetectedCharsetsOrder, strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(charset)))
-	}
+func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
 	setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetScore = map[string]int{}
-	i := 0
-	for _, charset := range defaultDetectedCharsetsOrder {
-		canonicalCharset := strings.ToLower(strings.TrimSpace(charset))
-		if _, has := setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetScore[canonicalCharset]; !has {
-			setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetScore[canonicalCharset] = i
-			i++
-		}
+	for i, charset := range setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetsOrder {
+		setting.Repository.DetectedCharsetScore[strings.ToLower(charset)] = i
 	}
+	os.Exit(m.Run())
 }
 
 func TestMaybeRemoveBOM(t *testing.T) {
-	res := MaybeRemoveBOM([]byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res := maybeRemoveBOM([]byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, res)
 
-	res = MaybeRemoveBOM([]byte{0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf, 0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = maybeRemoveBOM([]byte{0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf, 0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, res)
 }
 
 func TestToUTF8(t *testing.T) {
-	resetDefaultCharsetsOrder()
-
 	// Note: golang compiler seems so behave differently depending on the current
 	// locale, so some conversions might behave differently. For that reason, we don't
 	// depend on particular conversions but in expected behaviors.
 
-	res, err := ToUTF8([]byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, "ABC", res)
+	res := ToUTF8([]byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43}, ConvertOpts{})
+	assert.Equal(t, "ABC", string(res))
 
 	// "áéíóú"
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, []byte(res))
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, res)
 
 	// "áéíóú"
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{
 		0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf, 0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3,
 		0xc3, 0xba,
 	}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, []byte(res))
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, res)
 
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{
 		0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63,
 		0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0xF1, 0x6F, 0x73, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x2e,
 	}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	stringMustStartWith(t, "Hola,", res)
 	stringMustEndWith(t, "AAA.", res)
 
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{
 		0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63,
 		0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0x07, 0xA4, 0x6F, 0x73, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x2e,
 	}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	stringMustStartWith(t, "Hola,", res)
 	stringMustEndWith(t, "AAA.", res)
 
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{
 		0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63,
 		0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0x81, 0xA4, 0x6F, 0x73, 0x41, 0x41, 0x41, 0x2e,
 	}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	stringMustStartWith(t, "Hola,", res)
 	stringMustEndWith(t, "AAA.", res)
 
 	// Japanese (Shift-JIS)
 	// 日属秘ぞしちゅ。
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{
 		0x93, 0xFA, 0x91, 0xAE, 0x94, 0xE9, 0x82, 0xBC, 0x82, 0xB5, 0x82,
 		0xBF, 0x82, 0xE3, 0x81, 0x42,
 	}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{
 		0xE6, 0x97, 0xA5, 0xE5, 0xB1, 0x9E, 0xE7, 0xA7, 0x98, 0xE3,
 		0x81, 0x9E, 0xE3, 0x81, 0x97, 0xE3, 0x81, 0xA1, 0xE3, 0x82, 0x85, 0xE3, 0x80, 0x82,
-	},
-		[]byte(res))
+	}, res)
 
-	res, err = ToUTF8([]byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, ConvertOpts{})
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, []byte(res))
+	res = ToUTF8([]byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, ConvertOpts{})
+	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, res)
 }
 
 func TestToUTF8WithFallback(t *testing.T) {
-	resetDefaultCharsetsOrder()
 	// "ABC"
 	res := ToUTF8WithFallback([]byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43}, ConvertOpts{})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43}, res)
@@ -152,54 +133,58 @@ func TestToUTF8WithFallback(t *testing.T) {
 }
 
 func TestToUTF8DropErrors(t *testing.T) {
-	resetDefaultCharsetsOrder()
 	// "ABC"
-	res := ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res := ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x41, 0x42, 0x43}, res)
 
 	// "áéíóú"
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, res)
 
 	// UTF8 BOM + "áéíóú"
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf, 0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0xef, 0xbb, 0xbf, 0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0xc3, 0xa1, 0xc3, 0xa9, 0xc3, 0xad, 0xc3, 0xb3, 0xc3, 0xba}, res)
 
 	// "Hola, así cómo ños"
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63, 0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0xF1, 0x6F, 0x73}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63, 0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0xF1, 0x6F, 0x73})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73}, res[:8])
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x73}, res[len(res)-1:])
 
 	// "Hola, así cómo "
 	minmatch := []byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xC3, 0xAD, 0x20, 0x63, 0xC3, 0xB3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20}
 
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63, 0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0x07, 0xA4, 0x6F, 0x73}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63, 0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0x07, 0xA4, 0x6F, 0x73})
 	// Do not fail for differences in invalid cases, as the library might change the conversion criteria for those
 	assert.Equal(t, minmatch, res[0:len(minmatch)])
 
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63, 0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0x81, 0xA4, 0x6F, 0x73}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x48, 0x6F, 0x6C, 0x61, 0x2C, 0x20, 0x61, 0x73, 0xED, 0x20, 0x63, 0xF3, 0x6D, 0x6F, 0x20, 0x81, 0xA4, 0x6F, 0x73})
 	// Do not fail for differences in invalid cases, as the library might change the conversion criteria for those
 	assert.Equal(t, minmatch, res[0:len(minmatch)])
 
 	// Japanese (Shift-JIS)
 	// "日属秘ぞしちゅ。"
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x93, 0xFA, 0x91, 0xAE, 0x94, 0xE9, 0x82, 0xBC, 0x82, 0xB5, 0x82, 0xBF, 0x82, 0xE3, 0x81, 0x42}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x93, 0xFA, 0x91, 0xAE, 0x94, 0xE9, 0x82, 0xBC, 0x82, 0xB5, 0x82, 0xBF, 0x82, 0xE3, 0x81, 0x42})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{
 		0xE6, 0x97, 0xA5, 0xE5, 0xB1, 0x9E, 0xE7, 0xA7, 0x98, 0xE3,
 		0x81, 0x9E, 0xE3, 0x81, 0x97, 0xE3, 0x81, 0xA1, 0xE3, 0x82, 0x85, 0xE3, 0x80, 0x82,
 	}, res)
 
-	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, ConvertOpts{})
+	res = ToUTF8DropErrors([]byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00})
 	assert.Equal(t, []byte{0x00, 0x00, 0x00, 0x00}, res)
 }
 
 func TestDetectEncoding(t *testing.T) {
-	resetDefaultCharsetsOrder()
 	testSuccess := func(b []byte, expected string) {
 		encoding, err := DetectEncoding(b)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, expected, encoding)
 	}
+
+	// invalid bytes
+	encoding, err := DetectEncoding([]byte{0xfa})
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "UTF-8", encoding)
+
 	// utf-8
 	b := []byte("just some ascii")
 	testSuccess(b, "UTF-8")
@@ -214,169 +199,49 @@ func TestDetectEncoding(t *testing.T) {
 
 	// iso-8859-1: d<accented e>cor<newline>
 	b = []byte{0x44, 0xe9, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x0a}
-	encoding, err := DetectEncoding(b)
+	encoding, err = DetectEncoding(b)
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Contains(t, encoding, "ISO-8859-1")
 
-	old := setting.Repository.AnsiCharset
-	setting.Repository.AnsiCharset = "placeholder"
-	defer func() {
-		setting.Repository.AnsiCharset = old
-	}()
-	testSuccess(b, "placeholder")
-
-	// invalid bytes
-	b = []byte{0xfa}
-	_, err = DetectEncoding(b)
-	assert.Error(t, err)
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Repository.AnsiCharset, "MyEncoding")()
+	testSuccess(b, "MyEncoding")
 }
 
-func stringMustStartWith(t *testing.T, expected, value string) {
-	assert.Equal(t, expected, value[:len(expected)])
+func stringMustStartWith(t *testing.T, expected string, value []byte) {
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, string(value[:len(expected)]))
 }
 
-func stringMustEndWith(t *testing.T, expected, value string) {
-	assert.Equal(t, expected, value[len(value)-len(expected):])
+func stringMustEndWith(t *testing.T, expected string, value []byte) {
+	assert.Equal(t, expected, string(value[len(value)-len(expected):]))
 }
 
 func TestToUTF8WithFallbackReader(t *testing.T) {
-	resetDefaultCharsetsOrder()
+	test.MockVariableValue(&ToUTF8WithFallbackReaderPrefetchSize)
 
-	for testLen := range 2048 {
-		pattern := "    test { () }\n"
-		input := ""
-		for len(input) < testLen {
-			input += pattern
-		}
-		input = input[:testLen]
-		input += "// Выключаем"
-		rd := ToUTF8WithFallbackReader(bytes.NewReader([]byte(input)), ConvertOpts{})
+	block := "aá啊🤔"
+	runes := []rune(block)
+	assert.Len(t, string(runes[0]), 1)
+	assert.Len(t, string(runes[1]), 2)
+	assert.Len(t, string(runes[2]), 3)
+	assert.Len(t, string(runes[3]), 4)
+
+	content := strings.Repeat(block, 2)
+	for i := 1; i < len(content); i++ {
+		encoding, err := DetectEncoding([]byte(content[:i]))
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "UTF-8", encoding)
+
+		ToUTF8WithFallbackReaderPrefetchSize = i
+		rd := ToUTF8WithFallbackReader(strings.NewReader(content), ConvertOpts{})
 		r, _ := io.ReadAll(rd)
-		assert.Equalf(t, input, string(r), "testing string len=%d", testLen)
+		assert.Equal(t, content, string(r))
+	}
+	for _, r := range runes {
+		content = "abc abc " + string(r) + string(r) + string(r)
+		for i := 0; i < len(content); i++ {
+			encoding, err := DetectEncoding([]byte(content[:i]))
+			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, "UTF-8", encoding)
+		}
 	}
-
-	truncatedOneByteExtension := failFastBytes
-	encoding, _ := DetectEncoding(truncatedOneByteExtension)
-	assert.Equal(t, "UTF-8", encoding)
-
-	truncatedTwoByteExtension := failFastBytes
-	truncatedTwoByteExtension[len(failFastBytes)-1] = 0x9b
-	truncatedTwoByteExtension[len(failFastBytes)-2] = 0xe2
-
-	encoding, _ = DetectEncoding(truncatedTwoByteExtension)
-	assert.Equal(t, "UTF-8", encoding)
-
-	truncatedThreeByteExtension := failFastBytes
-	truncatedThreeByteExtension[len(failFastBytes)-1] = 0x92
-	truncatedThreeByteExtension[len(failFastBytes)-2] = 0x9f
-	truncatedThreeByteExtension[len(failFastBytes)-3] = 0xf0
-
-	encoding, _ = DetectEncoding(truncatedThreeByteExtension)
-	assert.Equal(t, "UTF-8", encoding)
-}
-
-var failFastBytes = []byte{
-	0x69, 0x6d, 0x70, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x74, 0x20, 0x6f, 0x72, 0x67, 0x2e, 0x61, 0x70, 0x61, 0x63, 0x68, 0x65, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x6f,
-	0x6f, 0x6c, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x61, 0x6e, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x74, 0x61, 0x73, 0x6b, 0x64, 0x65, 0x66, 0x73, 0x2e, 0x63, 0x6f, 0x6e,
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-	0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x29, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x0a, 0x74, 0x61, 0x73,
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-	0x5f, 0x57, 0x49, 0x4e, 0x44, 0x4f, 0x57, 0x53, 0x29, 0x29, 0x20, 0x7b, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20,
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-	0x6e, 0x22, 0x29, 0x2e, 0x6d, 0x61, 0x70, 0x20, 0x7b, 0x20, 0x69, 0x74, 0x2e, 0x6f, 0x75, 0x74, 0x70, 0x75, 0x74, 0x20,
-	0x7d, 0x2c, 0x20, 0x70, 0x61, 0x74, 0x63, 0x68, 0x4a, 0x61, 0x72, 0x29, 0x0a, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x7d, 0x0a, 0x0a,
-	0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x20, 0x2f, 0x2f, 0x20, 0xd0,
 }
diff --git a/modules/charset/escape.go b/modules/charset/escape.go
index 92e417d1f7..167683a298 100644
--- a/modules/charset/escape.go
+++ b/modules/charset/escape.go
@@ -20,14 +20,17 @@ import (
 // RuneNBSP is the codepoint for NBSP
 const RuneNBSP = 0xa0
 
-// EscapeControlHTML escapes the unicode control sequences in a provided html document
+// EscapeControlHTML escapes the Unicode control sequences in a provided html document
 func EscapeControlHTML(html template.HTML, locale translation.Locale, allowed ...rune) (escaped *EscapeStatus, output template.HTML) {
+	if !setting.UI.AmbiguousUnicodeDetection {
+		return &EscapeStatus{}, html
+	}
 	sb := &strings.Builder{}
 	escaped, _ = EscapeControlReader(strings.NewReader(string(html)), sb, locale, allowed...) // err has been handled in EscapeControlReader
 	return escaped, template.HTML(sb.String())
 }
 
-// EscapeControlReader escapes the unicode control sequences in a provided reader of HTML content and writer in a locale and returns the findings as an EscapeStatus
+// EscapeControlReader escapes the Unicode control sequences in a provided reader of HTML content and writer in a locale and returns the findings as an EscapeStatus
 func EscapeControlReader(reader io.Reader, writer io.Writer, locale translation.Locale, allowed ...rune) (escaped *EscapeStatus, err error) {
 	if !setting.UI.AmbiguousUnicodeDetection {
 		_, err = io.Copy(writer, reader)
diff --git a/modules/git/blame.go b/modules/git/blame.go
deleted file mode 100644
index 601be96f05..0000000000
--- a/modules/git/blame.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,218 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package git
-
-import (
-	"bufio"
-	"bytes"
-	"context"
-	"io"
-	"os"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
-)
-
-// BlamePart represents block of blame - continuous lines with one sha
-type BlamePart struct {
-	Sha          string
-	Lines        []string
-	PreviousSha  string
-	PreviousPath string
-}
-
-// BlameReader returns part of file blame one by one
-type BlameReader struct {
-	output         io.WriteCloser
-	reader         io.ReadCloser
-	bufferedReader *bufio.Reader
-	done           chan error
-	lastSha        *string
-	ignoreRevsFile string
-	objectFormat   ObjectFormat
-	cleanupFuncs   []func()
-}
-
-func (r *BlameReader) UsesIgnoreRevs() bool {
-	return r.ignoreRevsFile != ""
-}
-
-// NextPart returns next part of blame (sequential code lines with the same commit)
-func (r *BlameReader) NextPart() (*BlamePart, error) {
-	var blamePart *BlamePart
-
-	if r.lastSha != nil {
-		blamePart = &BlamePart{
-			Sha:   *r.lastSha,
-			Lines: make([]string, 0),
-		}
-	}
-
-	const previousHeader = "previous "
-	var lineBytes []byte
-	var isPrefix bool
-	var err error
-
-	for err != io.EOF {
-		lineBytes, isPrefix, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadLine()
-		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
-			return blamePart, err
-		}
-
-		if len(lineBytes) == 0 {
-			// isPrefix will be false
-			continue
-		}
-
-		var objectID string
-		objectFormatLength := r.objectFormat.FullLength()
-
-		if len(lineBytes) > objectFormatLength && lineBytes[objectFormatLength] == ' ' && r.objectFormat.IsValid(string(lineBytes[0:objectFormatLength])) {
-			objectID = string(lineBytes[0:objectFormatLength])
-		}
-		if len(objectID) > 0 {
-			if blamePart == nil {
-				blamePart = &BlamePart{
-					Sha:   objectID,
-					Lines: make([]string, 0),
-				}
-			}
-
-			if blamePart.Sha != objectID {
-				r.lastSha = &objectID
-				// need to munch to end of line...
-				for isPrefix {
-					_, isPrefix, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadLine()
-					if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
-						return blamePart, err
-					}
-				}
-				return blamePart, nil
-			}
-		} else if lineBytes[0] == '\t' {
-			blamePart.Lines = append(blamePart.Lines, string(lineBytes[1:]))
-		} else if bytes.HasPrefix(lineBytes, []byte(previousHeader)) {
-			offset := len(previousHeader) // already includes a space
-			blamePart.PreviousSha = string(lineBytes[offset : offset+objectFormatLength])
-			offset += objectFormatLength + 1 // +1 for space
-			blamePart.PreviousPath = string(lineBytes[offset:])
-		}
-
-		// need to munch to end of line...
-		for isPrefix {
-			_, isPrefix, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadLine()
-			if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
-				return blamePart, err
-			}
-		}
-	}
-
-	r.lastSha = nil
-
-	return blamePart, nil
-}
-
-// Close BlameReader - don't run NextPart after invoking that
-func (r *BlameReader) Close() error {
-	if r.bufferedReader == nil {
-		return nil
-	}
-
-	err := <-r.done
-	r.bufferedReader = nil
-	_ = r.reader.Close()
-	_ = r.output.Close()
-	for _, cleanup := range r.cleanupFuncs {
-		if cleanup != nil {
-			cleanup()
-		}
-	}
-	return err
-}
-
-// CreateBlameReader creates reader for given repository, commit and file
-func CreateBlameReader(ctx context.Context, objectFormat ObjectFormat, repoPath string, commit *Commit, file string, bypassBlameIgnore bool) (rd *BlameReader, err error) {
-	var ignoreRevsFileName string
-	var ignoreRevsFileCleanup func()
-	defer func() {
-		if err != nil && ignoreRevsFileCleanup != nil {
-			ignoreRevsFileCleanup()
-		}
-	}()
-
-	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("blame", "--porcelain")
-
-	if DefaultFeatures().CheckVersionAtLeast("2.23") && !bypassBlameIgnore {
-		ignoreRevsFileName, ignoreRevsFileCleanup, err = tryCreateBlameIgnoreRevsFile(commit)
-		if err != nil && !IsErrNotExist(err) {
-			return nil, err
-		}
-		if ignoreRevsFileName != "" {
-			// Possible improvement: use --ignore-revs-file /dev/stdin on unix
-			// There is no equivalent on Windows. May be implemented if Gitea uses an external git backend.
-			cmd.AddOptionValues("--ignore-revs-file", ignoreRevsFileName)
-		}
-	}
-
-	cmd.AddDynamicArguments(commit.ID.String()).AddDashesAndList(file)
-
-	done := make(chan error, 1)
-	reader, stdout, err := os.Pipe()
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	go func() {
-		stderr := bytes.Buffer{}
-		// TODO: it doesn't work for directories (the directories shouldn't be "blamed"), and the "err" should be returned by "Read" but not by "Close"
-		err := cmd.WithDir(repoPath).
-			WithUseContextTimeout(true).
-			WithStdout(stdout).
-			WithStderr(&stderr).
-			Run(ctx)
-		done <- err
-		_ = stdout.Close()
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Error running git blame (dir: %v): %v, stderr: %v", repoPath, err, stderr.String())
-		}
-	}()
-
-	bufferedReader := bufio.NewReader(reader)
-	return &BlameReader{
-		output:         stdout,
-		reader:         reader,
-		bufferedReader: bufferedReader,
-		done:           done,
-		ignoreRevsFile: ignoreRevsFileName,
-		objectFormat:   objectFormat,
-		cleanupFuncs:   []func(){ignoreRevsFileCleanup},
-	}, nil
-}
-
-func tryCreateBlameIgnoreRevsFile(commit *Commit) (string, func(), error) {
-	entry, err := commit.GetTreeEntryByPath(".git-blame-ignore-revs")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", nil, err
-	}
-
-	r, err := entry.Blob().DataAsync()
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", nil, err
-	}
-	defer r.Close()
-
-	f, cleanup, err := setting.AppDataTempDir("git-repo-content").CreateTempFileRandom("git-blame-ignore-revs")
-	if err != nil {
-		return "", nil, err
-	}
-	filename := f.Name()
-	_, err = io.Copy(f, r)
-	_ = f.Close()
-	if err != nil {
-		cleanup()
-		return "", nil, err
-	}
-
-	return filename, cleanup, nil
-}
diff --git a/modules/git/commit.go b/modules/git/commit.go
index af09697018..1917a72bbf 100644
--- a/modules/git/commit.go
+++ b/modules/git/commit.go
@@ -323,14 +323,6 @@ func GetFullCommitID(ctx context.Context, repoPath, shortID string) (string, err
 	return strings.TrimSpace(commitID), nil
 }
 
-// GetRepositoryDefaultPublicGPGKey returns the default public key for this commit
-func (c *Commit) GetRepositoryDefaultPublicGPGKey(forceUpdate bool) (*GPGSettings, error) {
-	if c.repo == nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
-	return c.repo.GetDefaultPublicGPGKey(forceUpdate)
-}
-
 func IsStringLikelyCommitID(objFmt ObjectFormat, s string, minLength ...int) bool {
 	maxLen := 64 // sha256
 	if objFmt != nil {
diff --git a/modules/git/diff.go b/modules/git/diff.go
index 437b26eb05..309d8f4615 100644
--- a/modules/git/diff.go
+++ b/modules/git/diff.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 )
 
 // RawDiffType type of a raw diff.
@@ -32,20 +33,6 @@ func GetRawDiff(repo *Repository, commitID string, diffType RawDiffType, writer
 	return GetRepoRawDiffForFile(repo, "", commitID, diffType, "", writer)
 }
 
-// GetReverseRawDiff dumps the reverse diff results of repository in given commit ID to io.Writer.
-func GetReverseRawDiff(ctx context.Context, repoPath, commitID string, writer io.Writer) error {
-	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	if err := gitcmd.NewCommand("show", "--pretty=format:revert %H%n", "-R").
-		AddDynamicArguments(commitID).
-		WithDir(repoPath).
-		WithStdout(writer).
-		WithStderr(stderr).
-		Run(ctx); err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Run: %w - %s", err, stderr)
-	}
-	return nil
-}
-
 // GetRepoRawDiffForFile dumps diff results of file in given commit ID to io.Writer according given repository
 func GetRepoRawDiffForFile(repo *Repository, startCommit, endCommit string, diffType RawDiffType, file string, writer io.Writer) error {
 	commit, err := repo.GetCommit(endCommit)
@@ -61,7 +48,9 @@ func GetRepoRawDiffForFile(repo *Repository, startCommit, endCommit string, diff
 	switch diffType {
 	case RawDiffNormal:
 		if len(startCommit) != 0 {
-			cmd.AddArguments("diff", "-M").AddDynamicArguments(startCommit, endCommit).AddDashesAndList(files...)
+			cmd.AddArguments("diff").
+				AddOptionFormat("--find-renames=%s", setting.Git.DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold).
+				AddDynamicArguments(startCommit, endCommit).AddDashesAndList(files...)
 		} else if commit.ParentCount() == 0 {
 			cmd.AddArguments("show").AddDynamicArguments(endCommit).AddDashesAndList(files...)
 		} else {
@@ -69,7 +58,9 @@ func GetRepoRawDiffForFile(repo *Repository, startCommit, endCommit string, diff
 			if err != nil {
 				return err
 			}
-			cmd.AddArguments("diff", "-M").AddDynamicArguments(c.ID.String(), endCommit).AddDashesAndList(files...)
+			cmd.AddArguments("diff").
+				AddOptionFormat("--find-renames=%s", setting.Git.DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold).
+				AddDynamicArguments(c.ID.String(), endCommit).AddDashesAndList(files...)
 		}
 	case RawDiffPatch:
 		if len(startCommit) != 0 {
diff --git a/modules/git/gpg.go b/modules/git/gpg.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbc5569309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/modules/git/gpg.go
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+// Copyright 2015 The Gogs Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package git
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
+)
+
+// GPGSettings represents the default GPG settings for this repository
+type GPGSettings struct {
+	Sign             bool
+	KeyID            string
+	Email            string
+	Name             string
+	PublicKeyContent string
+	Format           string
+}
+
+// LoadPublicKeyContent will load the key from gpg
+func (gpgSettings *GPGSettings) LoadPublicKeyContent() error {
+	if gpgSettings.PublicKeyContent != "" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if gpgSettings.Format == SigningKeyFormatSSH {
+		content, err := os.ReadFile(gpgSettings.KeyID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("unable to read SSH public key file: %s, %w", gpgSettings.KeyID, err)
+		}
+		gpgSettings.PublicKeyContent = string(content)
+		return nil
+	}
+	content, stderr, err := process.GetManager().Exec(
+		"gpg -a --export",
+		"gpg", "-a", "--export", gpgSettings.KeyID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("unable to get default signing key: %s, %s, %w", gpgSettings.KeyID, stderr, err)
+	}
+	gpgSettings.PublicKeyContent = content
+	return nil
+}
+
+var (
+	loadPublicGPGKeyMutex sync.RWMutex
+	globalGPGSettings     *GPGSettings
+)
+
+// GetDefaultPublicGPGKey will return and cache the default public GPG settings
+func GetDefaultPublicGPGKey(ctx context.Context, forceUpdate bool) (*GPGSettings, error) {
+	if !forceUpdate {
+		loadPublicGPGKeyMutex.RLock()
+		if globalGPGSettings != nil {
+			defer loadPublicGPGKeyMutex.RUnlock()
+			return globalGPGSettings, nil
+		}
+		loadPublicGPGKeyMutex.RUnlock()
+	}
+
+	loadPublicGPGKeyMutex.Lock()
+	defer loadPublicGPGKeyMutex.Unlock()
+
+	if globalGPGSettings != nil && !forceUpdate {
+		return globalGPGSettings, nil
+	}
+
+	globalGPGSettings = &GPGSettings{
+		Sign: true,
+	}
+
+	value, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "commit.gpgsign").RunStdString(ctx)
+	sign, valid := ParseBool(strings.TrimSpace(value))
+	if !sign || !valid {
+		globalGPGSettings.Sign = false
+		return globalGPGSettings, nil
+	}
+
+	signingKey, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "user.signingkey").RunStdString(ctx)
+	globalGPGSettings.KeyID = strings.TrimSpace(signingKey)
+
+	format, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--default", SigningKeyFormatOpenPGP, "--get", "gpg.format").RunStdString(ctx)
+	globalGPGSettings.Format = strings.TrimSpace(format)
+
+	defaultEmail, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "user.email").RunStdString(ctx)
+	globalGPGSettings.Email = strings.TrimSpace(defaultEmail)
+
+	defaultName, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "user.name").RunStdString(ctx)
+	globalGPGSettings.Name = strings.TrimSpace(defaultName)
+
+	if err := globalGPGSettings.LoadPublicKeyContent(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return globalGPGSettings, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/git/key.go b/modules/git/key.go
index 39e79ddbe0..9d51704595 100644
--- a/modules/git/key.go
+++ b/modules/git/key.go
@@ -32,23 +32,23 @@ func (s *SigningKey) String() string {
 }
 
 // GetSigningKey returns the KeyID and git Signature for the repo
-func GetSigningKey(ctx context.Context, repoPath string) (*SigningKey, *Signature) {
+func GetSigningKey(ctx context.Context) (*SigningKey, *Signature) {
 	if setting.Repository.Signing.SigningKey == "none" {
 		return nil, nil
 	}
 
 	if setting.Repository.Signing.SigningKey == "default" || setting.Repository.Signing.SigningKey == "" {
 		// Can ignore the error here as it means that commit.gpgsign is not set
-		value, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "commit.gpgsign").WithDir(repoPath).RunStdString(ctx)
+		value, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "commit.gpgsign").RunStdString(ctx)
 		sign, valid := ParseBool(strings.TrimSpace(value))
 		if !sign || !valid {
 			return nil, nil
 		}
 
-		format, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--default", SigningKeyFormatOpenPGP, "--get", "gpg.format").WithDir(repoPath).RunStdString(ctx)
-		signingKey, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "user.signingkey").WithDir(repoPath).RunStdString(ctx)
-		signingName, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "user.name").WithDir(repoPath).RunStdString(ctx)
-		signingEmail, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "user.email").WithDir(repoPath).RunStdString(ctx)
+		format, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--default", SigningKeyFormatOpenPGP, "--get", "gpg.format").RunStdString(ctx)
+		signingKey, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "user.signingkey").RunStdString(ctx)
+		signingName, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "user.name").RunStdString(ctx)
+		signingEmail, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--global", "--get", "user.email").RunStdString(ctx)
 
 		if strings.TrimSpace(signingKey) == "" {
 			return nil, nil
diff --git a/modules/git/repo.go b/modules/git/repo.go
index 7e86b10de9..579accf92e 100644
--- a/modules/git/repo.go
+++ b/modules/git/repo.go
@@ -20,16 +20,6 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/proxy"
 )
 
-// GPGSettings represents the default GPG settings for this repository
-type GPGSettings struct {
-	Sign             bool
-	KeyID            string
-	Email            string
-	Name             string
-	PublicKeyContent string
-	Format           string
-}
-
 const prettyLogFormat = `--pretty=format:%H`
 
 func (repo *Repository) ShowPrettyFormatLogToList(ctx context.Context, revisionRange string) ([]*Commit, error) {
@@ -123,6 +113,8 @@ type CloneRepoOptions struct {
 	Depth         int
 	Filter        string
 	SkipTLSVerify bool
+	SingleBranch  bool
+	Env           []string
 }
 
 // Clone clones original repository to target path.
@@ -157,6 +149,9 @@ func Clone(ctx context.Context, from, to string, opts CloneRepoOptions) error {
 	if opts.Filter != "" {
 		cmd.AddArguments("--filter").AddDynamicArguments(opts.Filter)
 	}
+	if opts.SingleBranch {
+		cmd.AddArguments("--single-branch")
+	}
 	if len(opts.Branch) > 0 {
 		cmd.AddArguments("-b").AddDynamicArguments(opts.Branch)
 	}
@@ -167,13 +162,17 @@ func Clone(ctx context.Context, from, to string, opts CloneRepoOptions) error {
 	}
 
 	envs := os.Environ()
-	u, err := url.Parse(from)
-	if err == nil {
-		envs = proxy.EnvWithProxy(u)
+	if opts.Env != nil {
+		envs = opts.Env
+	} else {
+		u, err := url.Parse(from)
+		if err == nil {
+			envs = proxy.EnvWithProxy(u)
+		}
 	}
 
 	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
-	if err = cmd.
+	if err := cmd.
 		WithTimeout(opts.Timeout).
 		WithEnv(envs).
 		WithStdout(io.Discard).
@@ -186,18 +185,21 @@ func Clone(ctx context.Context, from, to string, opts CloneRepoOptions) error {
 
 // PushOptions options when push to remote
 type PushOptions struct {
-	Remote  string
-	Branch  string
-	Force   bool
-	Mirror  bool
-	Env     []string
-	Timeout time.Duration
+	Remote         string
+	Branch         string
+	Force          bool
+	ForceWithLease string
+	Mirror         bool
+	Env            []string
+	Timeout        time.Duration
 }
 
 // Push pushs local commits to given remote branch.
 func Push(ctx context.Context, repoPath string, opts PushOptions) error {
 	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("push")
-	if opts.Force {
+	if opts.ForceWithLease != "" {
+		cmd.AddOptionFormat("--force-with-lease=%s", opts.ForceWithLease)
+	} else if opts.Force {
 		cmd.AddArguments("-f")
 	}
 	if opts.Mirror {
@@ -225,14 +227,3 @@ func Push(ctx context.Context, repoPath string, opts PushOptions) error {
 
 	return nil
 }
-
-// GetLatestCommitTime returns time for latest commit in repository (across all branches)
-func GetLatestCommitTime(ctx context.Context, repoPath string) (time.Time, error) {
-	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("for-each-ref", "--sort=-committerdate", BranchPrefix, "--count", "1", "--format=%(committerdate)")
-	stdout, _, err := cmd.WithDir(repoPath).RunStdString(ctx)
-	if err != nil {
-		return time.Time{}, err
-	}
-	commitTime := strings.TrimSpace(stdout)
-	return time.Parse("Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006 -0700", commitTime)
-}
diff --git a/modules/git/repo_base_gogit.go b/modules/git/repo_base_gogit.go
index e0d0b45372..986264fd93 100644
--- a/modules/git/repo_base_gogit.go
+++ b/modules/git/repo_base_gogit.go
@@ -32,7 +32,6 @@ type Repository struct {
 
 	gogitRepo    *gogit.Repository
 	gogitStorage *filesystem.Storage
-	gpgSettings  *GPGSettings
 
 	Ctx             context.Context
 	LastCommitCache *LastCommitCache
diff --git a/modules/git/repo_base_nogogit.go b/modules/git/repo_base_nogogit.go
index 4091e70846..17c71da5ef 100644
--- a/modules/git/repo_base_nogogit.go
+++ b/modules/git/repo_base_nogogit.go
@@ -23,8 +23,6 @@ type Repository struct {
 
 	tagCache *ObjectCache[*Tag]
 
-	gpgSettings *GPGSettings
-
 	batchInUse bool
 	batch      *Batch
 
diff --git a/modules/git/repo_gpg.go b/modules/git/repo_gpg.go
deleted file mode 100644
index eb1e71e30a..0000000000
--- a/modules/git/repo_gpg.go
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,71 +0,0 @@
-// Copyright 2015 The Gogs Authors. All rights reserved.
-// Copyright 2017 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
-// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-package git
-
-import (
-	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"strings"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/process"
-)
-
-// LoadPublicKeyContent will load the key from gpg
-func (gpgSettings *GPGSettings) LoadPublicKeyContent() error {
-	if gpgSettings.Format == SigningKeyFormatSSH {
-		content, err := os.ReadFile(gpgSettings.KeyID)
-		if err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("unable to read SSH public key file: %s, %w", gpgSettings.KeyID, err)
-		}
-		gpgSettings.PublicKeyContent = string(content)
-		return nil
-	}
-	content, stderr, err := process.GetManager().Exec(
-		"gpg -a --export",
-		"gpg", "-a", "--export", gpgSettings.KeyID)
-	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("unable to get default signing key: %s, %s, %w", gpgSettings.KeyID, stderr, err)
-	}
-	gpgSettings.PublicKeyContent = content
-	return nil
-}
-
-// GetDefaultPublicGPGKey will return and cache the default public GPG settings for this repository
-func (repo *Repository) GetDefaultPublicGPGKey(forceUpdate bool) (*GPGSettings, error) {
-	if repo.gpgSettings != nil && !forceUpdate {
-		return repo.gpgSettings, nil
-	}
-
-	gpgSettings := &GPGSettings{
-		Sign: true,
-	}
-
-	value, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "commit.gpgsign").WithDir(repo.Path).RunStdString(repo.Ctx)
-	sign, valid := ParseBool(strings.TrimSpace(value))
-	if !sign || !valid {
-		gpgSettings.Sign = false
-		repo.gpgSettings = gpgSettings
-		return gpgSettings, nil
-	}
-
-	signingKey, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "user.signingkey").WithDir(repo.Path).RunStdString(repo.Ctx)
-	gpgSettings.KeyID = strings.TrimSpace(signingKey)
-
-	format, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--default", SigningKeyFormatOpenPGP, "--get", "gpg.format").WithDir(repo.Path).RunStdString(repo.Ctx)
-	gpgSettings.Format = strings.TrimSpace(format)
-
-	defaultEmail, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "user.email").WithDir(repo.Path).RunStdString(repo.Ctx)
-	gpgSettings.Email = strings.TrimSpace(defaultEmail)
-
-	defaultName, _, _ := gitcmd.NewCommand("config", "--get", "user.name").WithDir(repo.Path).RunStdString(repo.Ctx)
-	gpgSettings.Name = strings.TrimSpace(defaultName)
-
-	if err := gpgSettings.LoadPublicKeyContent(); err != nil {
-		return nil, err
-	}
-	repo.gpgSettings = gpgSettings
-	return repo.gpgSettings, nil
-}
diff --git a/modules/git/repo_test.go b/modules/git/repo_test.go
index 26ee3a091a..776c297a34 100644
--- a/modules/git/repo_test.go
+++ b/modules/git/repo_test.go
@@ -10,16 +10,6 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 )
 
-func TestGetLatestCommitTime(t *testing.T) {
-	bareRepo1Path := filepath.Join(testReposDir, "repo1_bare")
-	lct, err := GetLatestCommitTime(t.Context(), bareRepo1Path)
-	assert.NoError(t, err)
-	// Time is Sun Nov 13 16:40:14 2022 +0100
-	// which is the time of commit
-	// ce064814f4a0d337b333e646ece456cd39fab612 (refs/heads/master)
-	assert.EqualValues(t, 1668354014, lct.Unix())
-}
-
 func TestRepoIsEmpty(t *testing.T) {
 	emptyRepo2Path := filepath.Join(testReposDir, "repo2_empty")
 	repo, err := OpenRepository(t.Context(), emptyRepo2Path)
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/blame.go b/modules/gitrepo/blame.go
index 3ce808d9b3..bd64c748d4 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/blame.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/blame.go
@@ -4,9 +4,16 @@
 package gitrepo
 
 import (
+	"bufio"
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
+	"io"
+	"os"
 
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 )
 
 func LineBlame(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, revision, file string, line uint) (string, error) {
@@ -16,3 +23,204 @@ func LineBlame(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, revision, file string, line
 			AddOptionValues("-p", revision).
 			AddDashesAndList(file))
 }
+
+// BlamePart represents block of blame - continuous lines with one sha
+type BlamePart struct {
+	Sha          string
+	Lines        []string
+	PreviousSha  string
+	PreviousPath string
+}
+
+// BlameReader returns part of file blame one by one
+type BlameReader struct {
+	output         io.WriteCloser
+	reader         io.ReadCloser
+	bufferedReader *bufio.Reader
+	done           chan error
+	lastSha        *string
+	ignoreRevsFile string
+	objectFormat   git.ObjectFormat
+	cleanupFuncs   []func()
+}
+
+func (r *BlameReader) UsesIgnoreRevs() bool {
+	return r.ignoreRevsFile != ""
+}
+
+// NextPart returns next part of blame (sequential code lines with the same commit)
+func (r *BlameReader) NextPart() (*BlamePart, error) {
+	var blamePart *BlamePart
+
+	if r.lastSha != nil {
+		blamePart = &BlamePart{
+			Sha:   *r.lastSha,
+			Lines: make([]string, 0),
+		}
+	}
+
+	const previousHeader = "previous "
+	var lineBytes []byte
+	var isPrefix bool
+	var err error
+
+	for err != io.EOF {
+		lineBytes, isPrefix, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadLine()
+		if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+			return blamePart, err
+		}
+
+		if len(lineBytes) == 0 {
+			// isPrefix will be false
+			continue
+		}
+
+		var objectID string
+		objectFormatLength := r.objectFormat.FullLength()
+
+		if len(lineBytes) > objectFormatLength && lineBytes[objectFormatLength] == ' ' && r.objectFormat.IsValid(string(lineBytes[0:objectFormatLength])) {
+			objectID = string(lineBytes[0:objectFormatLength])
+		}
+		if len(objectID) > 0 {
+			if blamePart == nil {
+				blamePart = &BlamePart{
+					Sha:   objectID,
+					Lines: make([]string, 0),
+				}
+			}
+
+			if blamePart.Sha != objectID {
+				r.lastSha = &objectID
+				// need to munch to end of line...
+				for isPrefix {
+					_, isPrefix, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadLine()
+					if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+						return blamePart, err
+					}
+				}
+				return blamePart, nil
+			}
+		} else if lineBytes[0] == '\t' {
+			blamePart.Lines = append(blamePart.Lines, string(lineBytes[1:]))
+		} else if bytes.HasPrefix(lineBytes, []byte(previousHeader)) {
+			offset := len(previousHeader) // already includes a space
+			blamePart.PreviousSha = string(lineBytes[offset : offset+objectFormatLength])
+			offset += objectFormatLength + 1 // +1 for space
+			blamePart.PreviousPath = string(lineBytes[offset:])
+		}
+
+		// need to munch to end of line...
+		for isPrefix {
+			_, isPrefix, err = r.bufferedReader.ReadLine()
+			if err != nil && err != io.EOF {
+				return blamePart, err
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	r.lastSha = nil
+
+	return blamePart, nil
+}
+
+// Close BlameReader - don't run NextPart after invoking that
+func (r *BlameReader) Close() error {
+	if r.bufferedReader == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	err := <-r.done
+	r.bufferedReader = nil
+	_ = r.reader.Close()
+	_ = r.output.Close()
+	for _, cleanup := range r.cleanupFuncs {
+		if cleanup != nil {
+			cleanup()
+		}
+	}
+	return err
+}
+
+// CreateBlameReader creates reader for given repository, commit and file
+func CreateBlameReader(ctx context.Context, objectFormat git.ObjectFormat, repo Repository, commit *git.Commit, file string, bypassBlameIgnore bool) (rd *BlameReader, err error) {
+	var ignoreRevsFileName string
+	var ignoreRevsFileCleanup func()
+	defer func() {
+		if err != nil && ignoreRevsFileCleanup != nil {
+			ignoreRevsFileCleanup()
+		}
+	}()
+
+	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("blame", "--porcelain")
+
+	if git.DefaultFeatures().CheckVersionAtLeast("2.23") && !bypassBlameIgnore {
+		ignoreRevsFileName, ignoreRevsFileCleanup, err = tryCreateBlameIgnoreRevsFile(commit)
+		if err != nil && !git.IsErrNotExist(err) {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		if ignoreRevsFileName != "" {
+			// Possible improvement: use --ignore-revs-file /dev/stdin on unix
+			// There is no equivalent on Windows. May be implemented if Gitea uses an external git backend.
+			cmd.AddOptionValues("--ignore-revs-file", ignoreRevsFileName)
+		}
+	}
+
+	cmd.AddDynamicArguments(commit.ID.String()).AddDashesAndList(file)
+
+	done := make(chan error, 1)
+	reader, stdout, err := os.Pipe()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	go func() {
+		stderr := bytes.Buffer{}
+		// TODO: it doesn't work for directories (the directories shouldn't be "blamed"), and the "err" should be returned by "Read" but not by "Close"
+		err := RunCmd(ctx, repo, cmd.WithUseContextTimeout(true).
+			WithStdout(stdout).
+			WithStderr(&stderr),
+		)
+		done <- err
+		_ = stdout.Close()
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error("Error running git blame (dir: %v): %v, stderr: %v", repoPath, err, stderr.String())
+		}
+	}()
+
+	bufferedReader := bufio.NewReader(reader)
+	return &BlameReader{
+		output:         stdout,
+		reader:         reader,
+		bufferedReader: bufferedReader,
+		done:           done,
+		ignoreRevsFile: ignoreRevsFileName,
+		objectFormat:   objectFormat,
+		cleanupFuncs:   []func(){ignoreRevsFileCleanup},
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func tryCreateBlameIgnoreRevsFile(commit *git.Commit) (string, func(), error) {
+	entry, err := commit.GetTreeEntryByPath(".git-blame-ignore-revs")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	r, err := entry.Blob().DataAsync()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+	defer r.Close()
+
+	f, cleanup, err := setting.AppDataTempDir("git-repo-content").CreateTempFileRandom("git-blame-ignore-revs")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+	filename := f.Name()
+	_, err = io.Copy(f, r)
+	_ = f.Close()
+	if err != nil {
+		cleanup()
+		return "", nil, err
+	}
+
+	return filename, cleanup, nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/git/blame_sha256_test.go b/modules/gitrepo/blame_sha256_test.go
similarity index 88%
rename from modules/git/blame_sha256_test.go
rename to modules/gitrepo/blame_sha256_test.go
index c0a97bed3b..e92931d596 100644
--- a/modules/git/blame_sha256_test.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/blame_sha256_test.go
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 // Copyright 2024 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package git
+package gitrepo
 
 import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
 
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -17,13 +18,14 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutputSha256(t *testing.T) {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(t.Context())
 	defer cancel()
 
-	if isGogit {
+	if git.DefaultFeatures().UsingGogit {
 		t.Skip("Skipping test since gogit does not support sha256")
 		return
 	}
 
 	t.Run("Without .git-blame-ignore-revs", func(t *testing.T) {
-		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, "./tests/repos/repo5_pulls_sha256")
+		storage := &mockRepository{path: "repo5_pulls_sha256"}
+		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, storage)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		defer repo.Close()
 
@@ -47,7 +49,7 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutputSha256(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for _, bypass := range []bool{false, true} {
-			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, Sha256ObjectFormat, "./tests/repos/repo5_pulls_sha256", commit, "README.md", bypass)
+			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, git.Sha256ObjectFormat, storage, commit, "README.md", bypass)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.NotNil(t, blameReader)
 			defer blameReader.Close()
@@ -68,7 +70,8 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutputSha256(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("With .git-blame-ignore-revs", func(t *testing.T) {
-		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, "./tests/repos/repo6_blame_sha256")
+		storage := &mockRepository{path: "repo6_blame_sha256"}
+		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, storage)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		defer repo.Close()
 
@@ -131,7 +134,7 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutputSha256(t *testing.T) {
 		for _, c := range cases {
 			commit, err := repo.GetCommit(c.CommitID)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
-			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, "./tests/repos/repo6_blame_sha256", commit, "blame.txt", c.Bypass)
+			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, storage, commit, "blame.txt", c.Bypass)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.NotNil(t, blameReader)
 			defer blameReader.Close()
diff --git a/modules/git/blame_test.go b/modules/gitrepo/blame_test.go
similarity index 89%
rename from modules/git/blame_test.go
rename to modules/gitrepo/blame_test.go
index 809d6fbcf7..0307a5fd33 100644
--- a/modules/git/blame_test.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/blame_test.go
@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 // Copyright 2019 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
 
-package git
+package gitrepo
 
 import (
 	"context"
 	"testing"
 
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -18,10 +19,10 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	defer cancel()
 
 	t.Run("Without .git-blame-ignore-revs", func(t *testing.T) {
-		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, "./tests/repos/repo5_pulls")
+		storage := &mockRepository{path: "repo5_pulls"}
+		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, storage)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		defer repo.Close()
-
 		commit, err := repo.GetCommit("f32b0a9dfd09a60f616f29158f772cedd89942d2")
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 
@@ -42,7 +43,7 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutput(t *testing.T) {
 		}
 
 		for _, bypass := range []bool{false, true} {
-			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, Sha1ObjectFormat, "./tests/repos/repo5_pulls", commit, "README.md", bypass)
+			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, git.Sha1ObjectFormat, storage, commit, "README.md", bypass)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.NotNil(t, blameReader)
 			defer blameReader.Close()
@@ -63,7 +64,8 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutput(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 
 	t.Run("With .git-blame-ignore-revs", func(t *testing.T) {
-		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, "./tests/repos/repo6_blame")
+		storage := &mockRepository{path: "repo6_blame"}
+		repo, err := OpenRepository(ctx, storage)
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		defer repo.Close()
 
@@ -127,7 +129,7 @@ func TestReadingBlameOutput(t *testing.T) {
 			commit, err := repo.GetCommit(c.CommitID)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 
-			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, "./tests/repos/repo6_blame", commit, "blame.txt", c.Bypass)
+			blameReader, err := CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, storage, commit, "blame.txt", c.Bypass)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
 			assert.NotNil(t, blameReader)
 			defer blameReader.Close()
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/clone.go b/modules/gitrepo/clone.go
index 8c437f657c..a0e4cc814c 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/clone.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/clone.go
@@ -18,3 +18,7 @@ func CloneExternalRepo(ctx context.Context, fromRemoteURL string, toRepo Reposit
 func CloneRepoToLocal(ctx context.Context, fromRepo Repository, toLocalPath string, opts git.CloneRepoOptions) error {
 	return git.Clone(ctx, repoPath(fromRepo), toLocalPath, opts)
 }
+
+func Clone(ctx context.Context, fromRepo, toRepo Repository, opts git.CloneRepoOptions) error {
+	return git.Clone(ctx, repoPath(fromRepo), repoPath(toRepo), opts)
+}
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/commit.go b/modules/gitrepo/commit.go
index e0a87ac10b..da0f3b85a2 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/commit.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/commit.go
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
+	"time"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
@@ -94,3 +95,18 @@ func AllCommitsCount(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, hidePRRefs bool, file
 
 	return strconv.ParseInt(strings.TrimSpace(stdout), 10, 64)
 }
+
+func GetFullCommitID(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, shortID string) (string, error) {
+	return git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, repoPath(repo), shortID)
+}
+
+// GetLatestCommitTime returns time for latest commit in repository (across all branches)
+func GetLatestCommitTime(ctx context.Context, repo Repository) (time.Time, error) {
+	stdout, err := RunCmdString(ctx, repo,
+		gitcmd.NewCommand("for-each-ref", "--sort=-committerdate", git.BranchPrefix, "--count", "1", "--format=%(committerdate)"))
+	if err != nil {
+		return time.Time{}, err
+	}
+	commitTime := strings.TrimSpace(stdout)
+	return time.Parse("Mon Jan _2 15:04:05 2006 -0700", commitTime)
+}
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/commit_test.go b/modules/gitrepo/commit_test.go
index 93483f3e0d..05cedc39ef 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/commit_test.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/commit_test.go
@@ -33,3 +33,13 @@ func TestCommitsCountWithoutBase(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.NoError(t, err)
 	assert.Equal(t, int64(2), commitsCount)
 }
+
+func TestGetLatestCommitTime(t *testing.T) {
+	bareRepo1 := &mockRepository{path: "repo1_bare"}
+	lct, err := GetLatestCommitTime(t.Context(), bareRepo1)
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+	// Time is Sun Nov 13 16:40:14 2022 +0100
+	// which is the time of commit
+	// ce064814f4a0d337b333e646ece456cd39fab612 (refs/heads/master)
+	assert.EqualValues(t, 1668354014, lct.Unix())
+}
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/diff.go b/modules/gitrepo/diff.go
index c98c3ffcfe..ad7f24762f 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/diff.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/diff.go
@@ -4,8 +4,10 @@
 package gitrepo
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"regexp"
 	"strconv"
 
@@ -60,3 +62,15 @@ func parseDiffStat(stdout string) (numFiles, totalAdditions, totalDeletions int,
 	}
 	return numFiles, totalAdditions, totalDeletions, err
 }
+
+// GetReverseRawDiff dumps the reverse diff results of repository in given commit ID to io.Writer.
+func GetReverseRawDiff(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, commitID string, writer io.Writer) error {
+	stderr := new(bytes.Buffer)
+	if err := RunCmd(ctx, repo, gitcmd.NewCommand("show", "--pretty=format:revert %H%n", "-R").
+		AddDynamicArguments(commitID).
+		WithStdout(writer).
+		WithStderr(stderr)); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("GetReverseRawDiff: %w - %s", err, stderr)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/gitrepo.go b/modules/gitrepo/gitrepo.go
index 4dd03c18fe..3a9b0a1c89 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/gitrepo.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/gitrepo.go
@@ -98,3 +98,23 @@ func UpdateServerInfo(ctx context.Context, repo Repository) error {
 func GetRepoFS(repo Repository) fs.FS {
 	return os.DirFS(repoPath(repo))
 }
+
+func IsRepoFileExist(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, relativeFilePath string) (bool, error) {
+	absoluteFilePath := filepath.Join(repoPath(repo), relativeFilePath)
+	return util.IsExist(absoluteFilePath)
+}
+
+func IsRepoDirExist(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, relativeDirPath string) (bool, error) {
+	absoluteDirPath := filepath.Join(repoPath(repo), relativeDirPath)
+	return util.IsDir(absoluteDirPath)
+}
+
+func RemoveRepoFileOrDir(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, relativeFileOrDirPath string) error {
+	absoluteFilePath := filepath.Join(repoPath(repo), relativeFileOrDirPath)
+	return util.Remove(absoluteFilePath)
+}
+
+func CreateRepoFile(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, relativeFilePath string) (io.WriteCloser, error) {
+	absoluteFilePath := filepath.Join(repoPath(repo), relativeFilePath)
+	return os.Create(absoluteFilePath)
+}
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/push.go b/modules/gitrepo/push.go
index 18808cac24..920c317f79 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/push.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/push.go
@@ -9,6 +9,19 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 )
 
-func Push(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, opts git.PushOptions) error {
+// PushToExternal pushes a managed repository to an external remote.
+func PushToExternal(ctx context.Context, repo Repository, opts git.PushOptions) error {
 	return git.Push(ctx, repoPath(repo), opts)
 }
+
+// Push pushes from one managed repository to another managed repository.
+func Push(ctx context.Context, fromRepo, toRepo Repository, opts git.PushOptions) error {
+	opts.Remote = repoPath(toRepo)
+	return git.Push(ctx, repoPath(fromRepo), opts)
+}
+
+// PushFromLocal pushes from a local path to a managed repository.
+func PushFromLocal(ctx context.Context, fromLocalPath string, toRepo Repository, opts git.PushOptions) error {
+	opts.Remote = repoPath(toRepo)
+	return git.Push(ctx, fromLocalPath, opts)
+}
diff --git a/modules/gitrepo/signing.go b/modules/gitrepo/signing.go
index c50978d15a..2f77758d8c 100644
--- a/modules/gitrepo/signing.go
+++ b/modules/gitrepo/signing.go
@@ -9,6 +9,6 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 )
 
-func GetSigningKey(ctx context.Context, repo Repository) (*git.SigningKey, *git.Signature) {
-	return git.GetSigningKey(ctx, repoPath(repo))
+func GetSigningKey(ctx context.Context) (*git.SigningKey, *git.Signature) {
+	return git.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 }
diff --git a/modules/highlight/highlight.go b/modules/highlight/highlight.go
index 77e47fdf48..2b13e9c4ce 100644
--- a/modules/highlight/highlight.go
+++ b/modules/highlight/highlight.go
@@ -56,7 +56,39 @@ func NewContext() {
 	})
 }
 
-// Code returns a HTML version of code string with chroma syntax highlighting classes and the matched lexer name
+// UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines splits highlighted code into lines preserving HTML tags
+// It always includes '\n', '\n' can appear at the end of each line or in the middle of HTML tags
+// The '\n' is necessary for copying code from web UI to preserve original code lines
+// ATTENTION: It uses the unsafe conversion between string and []byte for performance reason
+// DO NOT make any modification to the returned [][]byte slice items
+func UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines(code template.HTML) (ret [][]byte) {
+	buf := util.UnsafeStringToBytes(string(code))
+	lineCount := bytes.Count(buf, []byte("\n")) + 1
+	ret = make([][]byte, 0, lineCount)
+	nlTagClose := []byte("\n</")
+	for {
+		pos := bytes.IndexByte(buf, '\n')
+		if pos == -1 {
+			if len(buf) > 0 {
+				ret = append(ret, buf)
+			}
+			return ret
+		}
+		// Chroma highlighting output sometimes have "</span>" right after \n, sometimes before.
+		// * "<span>text\n</span>"
+		// * "<span>text</span>\n"
+		if bytes.HasPrefix(buf[pos:], nlTagClose) {
+			pos1 := bytes.IndexByte(buf[pos:], '>')
+			if pos1 != -1 {
+				pos += pos1
+			}
+		}
+		ret = append(ret, buf[:pos+1])
+		buf = buf[pos+1:]
+	}
+}
+
+// Code returns an HTML version of code string with chroma syntax highlighting classes and the matched lexer name
 func Code(fileName, language, code string) (output template.HTML, lexerName string) {
 	NewContext()
 
diff --git a/modules/highlight/highlight_test.go b/modules/highlight/highlight_test.go
index b36de98c5c..52873427a8 100644
--- a/modules/highlight/highlight_test.go
+++ b/modules/highlight/highlight_test.go
@@ -181,3 +181,21 @@ c=2`),
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestUnsafeSplitHighlightedLines(t *testing.T) {
+	ret := UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines("")
+	assert.Empty(t, ret)
+
+	ret = UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines("a")
+	assert.Len(t, ret, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "a", string(ret[0]))
+
+	ret = UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines("\n")
+	assert.Len(t, ret, 1)
+	assert.Equal(t, "\n", string(ret[0]))
+
+	ret = UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines("<span>a</span>\n<span>b\n</span>")
+	assert.Len(t, ret, 2)
+	assert.Equal(t, "<span>a</span>\n", string(ret[0]))
+	assert.Equal(t, "<span>b\n</span>", string(ret[1]))
+}
diff --git a/modules/httplib/serve.go b/modules/httplib/serve.go
index b4c5e7fe1e..2d66a86a8b 100644
--- a/modules/httplib/serve.go
+++ b/modules/httplib/serve.go
@@ -19,7 +19,6 @@ import (
 	charsetModule "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/charset"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/httpcache"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/typesniffer"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
@@ -109,11 +108,7 @@ func setServeHeadersByFile(r *http.Request, w http.ResponseWriter, mineBuf []byt
 	}
 
 	if isPlain {
-		charset, err := charsetModule.DetectEncoding(mineBuf)
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Detect raw file %s charset failed: %v, using by default utf-8", opts.Filename, err)
-			charset = "utf-8"
-		}
+		charset, _ := charsetModule.DetectEncoding(mineBuf)
 		opts.ContentTypeCharset = strings.ToLower(charset)
 	}
 
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go b/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go
index bdb477ce6e..5f6a7f6082 100644
--- a/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/bleve/bleve.go
@@ -203,7 +203,7 @@ func (b *Indexer) addUpdate(ctx context.Context, batchWriter git.WriteCloserErro
 		RepoID:    repo.ID,
 		CommitID:  commitSha,
 		Filename:  update.Filename,
-		Content:   string(charset.ToUTF8DropErrors(fileContents, charset.ConvertOpts{})),
+		Content:   string(charset.ToUTF8DropErrors(fileContents)),
 		Language:  analyze.GetCodeLanguage(update.Filename, fileContents),
 		UpdatedAt: time.Now().UTC(),
 	})
diff --git a/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go b/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
index b2eb301a5d..a7027051d2 100644
--- a/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
+++ b/modules/indexer/code/elasticsearch/elasticsearch.go
@@ -191,7 +191,7 @@ func (b *Indexer) addUpdate(ctx context.Context, batchWriter git.WriteCloserErro
 			Doc(map[string]any{
 				"repo_id":    repo.ID,
 				"filename":   update.Filename,
-				"content":    string(charset.ToUTF8DropErrors(fileContents, charset.ConvertOpts{})),
+				"content":    string(charset.ToUTF8DropErrors(fileContents)),
 				"commit_id":  sha,
 				"language":   analyze.GetCodeLanguage(update.Filename, fileContents),
 				"updated_at": timeutil.TimeStampNow(),
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go b/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
index dc329c07dd..cb9ed3889d 100644
--- a/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/elasticsearch/elasticsearch_test.go
@@ -30,7 +30,11 @@ func TestElasticsearchIndexer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
 		resp, err := http.Get(url)
-		return err == nil && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
+		return resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK
 	}, time.Minute, time.Second, "Expected elasticsearch to be up")
 
 	indexer := NewIndexer(url, fmt.Sprintf("test_elasticsearch_indexer_%d", time.Now().Unix()))
diff --git a/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go b/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go
index a32cbdd6de..81a27487bb 100644
--- a/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go
+++ b/modules/indexer/issues/meilisearch/meilisearch_test.go
@@ -36,7 +36,11 @@ func TestMeilisearchIndexer(t *testing.T) {
 
 	require.Eventually(t, func() bool {
 		resp, err := http.Get(url)
-		return err == nil && resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK
+		if err != nil {
+			return false
+		}
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
+		return resp.StatusCode == http.StatusOK
 	}, time.Minute, time.Second, "Expected meilisearch to be up")
 
 	indexer := NewIndexer(url, key, fmt.Sprintf("test_meilisearch_indexer_%d", time.Now().Unix()))
diff --git a/modules/markup/markdown/markdown_math_test.go b/modules/markup/markdown/markdown_math_test.go
index a75f18d36a..9e368cb689 100644
--- a/modules/markup/markdown/markdown_math_test.go
+++ b/modules/markup/markdown/markdown_math_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,10 @@ func TestMathRender(t *testing.T) {
 			"$ a $",
 			`<p><code class="language-math">a</code></p>` + nl,
 		},
+		{
+			"$a$$b$",
+			`<p><code class="language-math">a</code><code class="language-math">b</code></p>` + nl,
+		},
 		{
 			"$a$ $b$",
 			`<p><code class="language-math">a</code> <code class="language-math">b</code></p>` + nl,
@@ -59,7 +63,7 @@ func TestMathRender(t *testing.T) {
 			`<p>a$b $a a$b b$</p>` + nl,
 		},
 		{
-			"a$x$",
+			"a$x$", // Pattern: "word$other$" The real world example is: "Price is between US$1 and US$2.", so don't parse this.
 			`<p>a$x$</p>` + nl,
 		},
 		{
@@ -70,6 +74,10 @@ func TestMathRender(t *testing.T) {
 			"$a$ ($b$) [$c$] {$d$}",
 			`<p><code class="language-math">a</code> (<code class="language-math">b</code>) [$c$] {$d$}</p>` + nl,
 		},
+		{
+			"[$a$](link)",
+			`<p><a href="/link" rel="nofollow"><code class="language-math">a</code></a></p>` + nl,
+		},
 		{
 			"$$a$$",
 			`<p><code class="language-math">a</code></p>` + nl,
diff --git a/modules/markup/markdown/math/inline_parser.go b/modules/markup/markdown/math/inline_parser.go
index a711d1e1cd..564861df90 100644
--- a/modules/markup/markdown/math/inline_parser.go
+++ b/modules/markup/markdown/math/inline_parser.go
@@ -54,6 +54,10 @@ func isAlphanumeric(b byte) bool {
 	return (b >= 'a' && b <= 'z') || (b >= 'A' && b <= 'Z') || (b >= '0' && b <= '9')
 }
 
+func isInMarkdownLinkText(block text.Reader, lineAfter []byte) bool {
+	return block.PrecendingCharacter() == '[' && bytes.HasPrefix(lineAfter, []byte("]("))
+}
+
 // Parse parses the current line and returns a result of parsing.
 func (parser *inlineParser) Parse(parent ast.Node, block text.Reader, pc parser.Context) ast.Node {
 	line, _ := block.PeekLine()
@@ -115,7 +119,9 @@ func (parser *inlineParser) Parse(parent ast.Node, block text.Reader, pc parser.
 			}
 			// check valid ending character
 			isValidEndingChar := isPunctuation(succeedingCharacter) || isParenthesesClose(succeedingCharacter) ||
-				succeedingCharacter == ' ' || succeedingCharacter == '\n' || succeedingCharacter == 0
+				succeedingCharacter == ' ' || succeedingCharacter == '\n' || succeedingCharacter == 0 ||
+				succeedingCharacter == '$' ||
+				isInMarkdownLinkText(block, line[i+len(stopMark):])
 			if checkSurrounding && !isValidEndingChar {
 				break
 			}
diff --git a/modules/packages/npm/creator.go b/modules/packages/npm/creator.go
index 11b5123c27..cc7695726b 100644
--- a/modules/packages/npm/creator.go
+++ b/modules/packages/npm/creator.go
@@ -62,7 +62,28 @@ type PackageMetadata struct {
 	Author         User                               `json:"author"`
 	ReadmeFilename string                             `json:"readmeFilename,omitempty"`
 	Users          map[string]bool                    `json:"users,omitempty"`
-	License        string                             `json:"license,omitempty"`
+	License        License                            `json:"license,omitempty"`
+}
+
+type License string
+
+func (l *License) UnmarshalJSON(data []byte) error {
+	switch data[0] {
+	case '"':
+		var value string
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &value); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		*l = License(value)
+	case '{':
+		var values map[string]any
+		if err := json.Unmarshal(data, &values); err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
+		value, _ := values["type"].(string)
+		*l = License(value)
+	}
+	return nil
 }
 
 // PackageMetadataVersion documentation: https://github.com/npm/registry/blob/master/docs/REGISTRY-API.md#version
@@ -74,7 +95,7 @@ type PackageMetadataVersion struct {
 	Description          string              `json:"description"`
 	Author               User                `json:"author"`
 	Homepage             string              `json:"homepage,omitempty"`
-	License              string              `json:"license,omitempty"`
+	License              License             `json:"license,omitempty"`
 	Repository           Repository          `json:"repository"`
 	Keywords             []string            `json:"keywords,omitempty"`
 	Dependencies         map[string]string   `json:"dependencies,omitempty"`
diff --git a/modules/packages/npm/creator_test.go b/modules/packages/npm/creator_test.go
index 806377a52b..40c50de91f 100644
--- a/modules/packages/npm/creator_test.go
+++ b/modules/packages/npm/creator_test.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func TestParsePackage(t *testing.T) {
@@ -291,11 +292,36 @@ func TestParsePackage(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, packageDescription, p.Metadata.Readme)
 		assert.Equal(t, packageAuthor, p.Metadata.Author)
 		assert.Equal(t, packageBin, p.Metadata.Bin["bin"])
-		assert.Equal(t, "MIT", p.Metadata.License)
+		assert.Equal(t, "MIT", string(p.Metadata.License))
 		assert.Equal(t, "https://gitea.io/", p.Metadata.ProjectURL)
 		assert.Contains(t, p.Metadata.Dependencies, "package")
 		assert.Equal(t, "1.2.0", p.Metadata.Dependencies["package"])
 		assert.Equal(t, repository.Type, p.Metadata.Repository.Type)
 		assert.Equal(t, repository.URL, p.Metadata.Repository.URL)
 	})
+
+	t.Run("ValidLicenseMap", func(t *testing.T) {
+		packageJSON := `{
+  "versions": {
+		"0.1.1": {
+			"name": "dev-null",
+			"version": "0.1.1",
+			"license": {
+				"type": "MIT"
+			},
+			"dist": {
+				"integrity": "sha256-"
+			}
+		}
+	},
+	"_attachments": {
+		"foo": {
+			"data": "AAAA"
+		}
+	}
+}`
+		p, err := ParsePackage(strings.NewReader(packageJSON))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		require.Equal(t, "MIT", string(p.Metadata.License))
+	})
 }
diff --git a/modules/packages/npm/metadata.go b/modules/packages/npm/metadata.go
index 362d0470d5..e6bbcb1177 100644
--- a/modules/packages/npm/metadata.go
+++ b/modules/packages/npm/metadata.go
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ type Metadata struct {
 	Name                    string            `json:"name,omitempty"`
 	Description             string            `json:"description,omitempty"`
 	Author                  string            `json:"author,omitempty"`
-	License                 string            `json:"license,omitempty"`
+	License                 License           `json:"license,omitempty"`
 	ProjectURL              string            `json:"project_url,omitempty"`
 	Keywords                []string          `json:"keywords,omitempty"`
 	Dependencies            map[string]string `json:"dependencies,omitempty"`
diff --git a/modules/setting/config_provider.go b/modules/setting/config_provider.go
index b6f9f07f98..57dc23b17f 100644
--- a/modules/setting/config_provider.go
+++ b/modules/setting/config_provider.go
@@ -337,14 +337,14 @@ func LogStartupProblem(skip int, level log.Level, format string, args ...any) {
 
 func deprecatedSetting(rootCfg ConfigProvider, oldSection, oldKey, newSection, newKey, version string) {
 	if rootCfg.Section(oldSection).HasKey(oldKey) {
-		LogStartupProblem(1, log.ERROR, "Deprecation: config option `[%s].%s` presents, please use `[%s].%s` instead because this fallback will be/has been removed in %s", oldSection, oldKey, newSection, newKey, version)
+		LogStartupProblem(1, log.ERROR, "Deprecation: config option `[%s].%s` present, please use `[%s].%s` instead because this fallback will be/has been removed in %s", oldSection, oldKey, newSection, newKey, version)
 	}
 }
 
 // deprecatedSettingDB add a hint that the configuration has been moved to database but still kept in app.ini
 func deprecatedSettingDB(rootCfg ConfigProvider, oldSection, oldKey string) {
 	if rootCfg.Section(oldSection).HasKey(oldKey) {
-		LogStartupProblem(1, log.ERROR, "Deprecation: config option `[%s].%s` presents but it won't take effect because it has been moved to admin panel -> config setting", oldSection, oldKey)
+		LogStartupProblem(1, log.ERROR, "Deprecation: config option `[%s].%s` present but it won't take effect because it has been moved to admin panel -> config setting", oldSection, oldKey)
 	}
 }
 
diff --git a/modules/setting/git.go b/modules/setting/git.go
index 48a4e7f30d..318f2c0cac 100644
--- a/modules/setting/git.go
+++ b/modules/setting/git.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ package setting
 
 import (
 	"path/filepath"
+	"regexp"
 	"strings"
 	"time"
 
@@ -17,20 +18,21 @@ var Git = struct {
 	HomePath             string
 	DisableDiffHighlight bool
 
-	MaxGitDiffLines           int
-	MaxGitDiffLineCharacters  int
-	MaxGitDiffFiles           int
-	CommitsRangeSize          int // CommitsRangeSize the default commits range size
-	BranchesRangeSize         int // BranchesRangeSize the default branches range size
-	VerbosePush               bool
-	VerbosePushDelay          time.Duration
-	GCArgs                    []string `ini:"GC_ARGS" delim:" "`
-	EnableAutoGitWireProtocol bool
-	PullRequestPushMessage    bool
-	LargeObjectThreshold      int64
-	DisableCoreProtectNTFS    bool
-	DisablePartialClone       bool
-	Timeout                   struct {
+	MaxGitDiffLines               int
+	MaxGitDiffLineCharacters      int
+	MaxGitDiffFiles               int
+	CommitsRangeSize              int // CommitsRangeSize the default commits range size
+	BranchesRangeSize             int // BranchesRangeSize the default branches range size
+	VerbosePush                   bool
+	VerbosePushDelay              time.Duration
+	GCArgs                        []string `ini:"GC_ARGS" delim:" "`
+	EnableAutoGitWireProtocol     bool
+	PullRequestPushMessage        bool
+	LargeObjectThreshold          int64
+	DisableCoreProtectNTFS        bool
+	DisablePartialClone           bool
+	DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold string
+	Timeout                       struct {
 		Default int
 		Migrate int
 		Mirror  int
@@ -39,19 +41,20 @@ var Git = struct {
 		GC      int `ini:"GC"`
 	} `ini:"git.timeout"`
 }{
-	DisableDiffHighlight:      false,
-	MaxGitDiffLines:           1000,
-	MaxGitDiffLineCharacters:  5000,
-	MaxGitDiffFiles:           100,
-	CommitsRangeSize:          50,
-	BranchesRangeSize:         20,
-	VerbosePush:               true,
-	VerbosePushDelay:          5 * time.Second,
-	GCArgs:                    []string{},
-	EnableAutoGitWireProtocol: true,
-	PullRequestPushMessage:    true,
-	LargeObjectThreshold:      1024 * 1024,
-	DisablePartialClone:       false,
+	DisableDiffHighlight:          false,
+	MaxGitDiffLines:               1000,
+	MaxGitDiffLineCharacters:      5000,
+	MaxGitDiffFiles:               100,
+	CommitsRangeSize:              50,
+	BranchesRangeSize:             20,
+	VerbosePush:                   true,
+	VerbosePushDelay:              5 * time.Second,
+	GCArgs:                        []string{},
+	EnableAutoGitWireProtocol:     true,
+	PullRequestPushMessage:        true,
+	LargeObjectThreshold:          1024 * 1024,
+	DisablePartialClone:           false,
+	DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold: "50%",
 	Timeout: struct {
 		Default int
 		Migrate int
@@ -117,4 +120,9 @@ func loadGitFrom(rootCfg ConfigProvider) {
 	} else {
 		Git.HomePath = filepath.Clean(Git.HomePath)
 	}
+
+	// validate for a integer percentage between 0% and 100%
+	if !regexp.MustCompile(`^([0-9]|[1-9][0-9]|100)%$`).MatchString(Git.DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold) {
+		log.Fatal("Invalid git.DIFF_RENAME_SIMILARITY_THRESHOLD: %s", Git.DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold)
+	}
 }
diff --git a/modules/setting/server.go b/modules/setting/server.go
index cedca32da9..a865e942a6 100644
--- a/modules/setting/server.go
+++ b/modules/setting/server.go
@@ -370,6 +370,10 @@ func loadServerFrom(rootCfg ConfigProvider) {
 		}
 	}
 
+	// TODO: GOLANG-HTTP-TMPDIR: Some Golang packages (like "http") use os.TempDir() to create temporary files when uploading files.
+	// So ideally we should set the TMPDIR environment variable to make them use our managed temp directory.
+	// But there is no clear place to set it currently, for example: when running "install" page, the AppDataPath is not ready yet, then AppDataTempDir won't work
+
 	EnableGzip = sec.Key("ENABLE_GZIP").MustBool()
 	EnablePprof = sec.Key("ENABLE_PPROF").MustBool(false)
 	PprofDataPath = sec.Key("PPROF_DATA_PATH").MustString(filepath.Join(AppWorkPath, "data/tmp/pprof"))
diff --git a/modules/setting/setting.go b/modules/setting/setting.go
index e14997801f..dc60d99bd6 100644
--- a/modules/setting/setting.go
+++ b/modules/setting/setting.go
@@ -240,4 +240,5 @@ func PanicInDevOrTesting(msg string, a ...any) {
 	if !IsProd || IsInTesting {
 		panic(fmt.Sprintf(msg, a...))
 	}
+	log.Error(msg, a...)
 }
diff --git a/modules/structs/repo.go b/modules/structs/repo.go
index c1c85837fc..47973a5f6a 100644
--- a/modules/structs/repo.go
+++ b/modules/structs/repo.go
@@ -292,6 +292,21 @@ type RenameBranchRepoOption struct {
 	Name string `json:"name" binding:"Required;GitRefName;MaxSize(100)"`
 }
 
+// UpdateBranchRepoOption options when updating a branch reference in a repository
+// swagger:model
+type UpdateBranchRepoOption struct {
+	// New commit SHA (or any ref) the branch should point to
+	//
+	// required: true
+	NewCommitID string `json:"new_commit_id" binding:"Required"`
+
+	// Expected old commit SHA of the branch; if provided it must match the current tip
+	OldCommitID string `json:"old_commit_id"`
+
+	// Force update even if the change is not a fast-forward
+	Force bool `json:"force"`
+}
+
 // TransferRepoOption options when transfer a repository's ownership
 // swagger:model
 type TransferRepoOption struct {
diff --git a/modules/web/routemock.go b/modules/web/routemock.go
index e85b0db738..68d19475e9 100644
--- a/modules/web/routemock.go
+++ b/modules/web/routemock.go
@@ -46,11 +46,15 @@ func RouterMockPoint(pointName string) func(next http.Handler) http.Handler {
 //
 // Then the mock function will be executed as a middleware at the mock point.
 // It only takes effect in testing mode (setting.IsInTesting == true).
-func RouteMock(pointName string, h any) {
+func RouteMock(pointName string, h any) func() {
 	if _, ok := routeMockPoints[pointName]; !ok {
 		panic("route mock point not found: " + pointName)
 	}
+	old := routeMockPoints[pointName]
 	routeMockPoints[pointName] = toHandlerProvider(h)
+	return func() {
+		routeMockPoints[pointName] = old
+	}
 }
 
 // RouteMockReset resets all mock points (no mock anymore)
diff --git a/modules/web/router.go b/modules/web/router.go
index 5812ff69d4..5374f82a23 100644
--- a/modules/web/router.go
+++ b/modules/web/router.go
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ func NewRouter() *Router {
 // Use supports two middlewares
 func (r *Router) Use(middlewares ...any) {
 	for _, m := range middlewares {
-		if m != nil {
+		if !isNilOrFuncNil(m) {
 			r.chiRouter.Use(toHandlerProvider(m))
 		}
 	}
diff --git a/options/locale/locale_en-US.ini b/options/locale/locale_en-US.ini
index 9990d30c2c..56b9acb6b6 100644
--- a/options/locale/locale_en-US.ini
+++ b/options/locale/locale_en-US.ini
@@ -1294,6 +1294,7 @@ commit = Commit
 release = Release
 releases = Releases
 tag = Tag
+git_tag = Git Tag
 released_this = released this
 tagged_this = tagged this
 file.title = %s at %s
@@ -2755,6 +2756,13 @@ release.add_tag_msg = Use the title and content of release as tag message.
 release.add_tag = Create Tag Only
 release.releases_for = Releases for %s
 release.tags_for = Tags for %s
+release.notes = Release notes
+release.generate_notes = Generate release notes
+release.generate_notes_desc = Automatically add merged pull requests and a changelog link for this release.
+release.previous_tag = Previous tag
+release.generate_notes_tag_not_found = Tag "%s" does not exist in this repository.
+release.generate_notes_target_not_found = The release target "%s" cannot be found.
+release.generate_notes_missing_tag = Enter a tag name to generate release notes.
 
 branch.name = Branch Name
 branch.already_exists = A branch named "%s" already exists.
diff --git a/options/locale/locale_fr-FR.ini b/options/locale/locale_fr-FR.ini
index 221abb5d1f..886b3955bd 100644
--- a/options/locale/locale_fr-FR.ini
+++ b/options/locale/locale_fr-FR.ini
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ more=Plus
 buttons.heading.tooltip=Ajouter un en-tête
 buttons.bold.tooltip=Ajouter du texte en gras
 buttons.italic.tooltip=Ajouter du texte en italique
+buttons.strikethrough.tooltip=Ajouté un texte barré
 buttons.quote.tooltip=Citer le texte
 buttons.code.tooltip=Ajouter du code
 buttons.link.tooltip=Ajouter un lien
@@ -1354,8 +1355,11 @@ editor.this_file_locked=Le fichier est verrouillé
 editor.must_be_on_a_branch=Vous devez être sur une branche pour appliquer ou proposer des modifications à ce fichier.
 editor.fork_before_edit=Vous devez faire bifurquer ce dépôt pour appliquer ou proposer des modifications à ce fichier.
 editor.delete_this_file=Supprimer le fichier
+editor.delete_this_directory=Supprimer le répertoire
 editor.must_have_write_access=Vous devez avoir un accès en écriture pour appliquer ou proposer des modifications à ce fichier.
 editor.file_delete_success=Le fichier "%s" a été supprimé.
+editor.directory_delete_success=Le répertoire « %s » a été supprimé.
+editor.delete_directory=Supprimer le répertoire « %s »
 editor.name_your_file=Nommez votre fichier…
 editor.filename_help=Ajoutez un dossier en entrant son nom suivi d'une barre oblique ('/'). Supprimez un dossier avec un retour arrière au début du champ.
 editor.or=ou
@@ -1482,6 +1486,7 @@ projects.column.new_submit=Créer une colonne
 projects.column.new=Nouvelle colonne
 projects.column.set_default=Définir par défaut
 projects.column.set_default_desc=Les tickets et demandes d’ajout non-catégorisés seront placés dans cette colonne.
+projects.column.default_column_hint=Les nouveaux tickets ajoutés à ce projet seront ajoutés dans cette colonne
 projects.column.delete=Supprimer la colonne
 projects.column.deletion_desc=La suppression d’une colonne déplace tous ses tickets dans la colonne par défaut. Continuer ?
 projects.column.color=Couleur
diff --git a/options/locale/locale_ga-IE.ini b/options/locale/locale_ga-IE.ini
index 6b9ae41e9b..6f348b1b71 100644
--- a/options/locale/locale_ga-IE.ini
+++ b/options/locale/locale_ga-IE.ini
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ more=Níos mó
 buttons.heading.tooltip=Cuir ceannteideal leis
 buttons.bold.tooltip=Cuir téacs trom leis
 buttons.italic.tooltip=Cuir téacs iodálach leis
+buttons.strikethrough.tooltip=Cuir téacs trína chéile
 buttons.quote.tooltip=Téacs luaigh
 buttons.code.tooltip=Cuir cód leis
 buttons.link.tooltip=Cuir nasc leis
diff --git a/options/locale/locale_pt-PT.ini b/options/locale/locale_pt-PT.ini
index 0b2e57ea00..f0a5f2142a 100644
--- a/options/locale/locale_pt-PT.ini
+++ b/options/locale/locale_pt-PT.ini
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ more=Mais
 buttons.heading.tooltip=Adicionar cabeçalho
 buttons.bold.tooltip=Adicionar texto em negrito
 buttons.italic.tooltip=Adicionar texto em itálico
+buttons.strikethrough.tooltip=Adicionar texto rasurado
 buttons.quote.tooltip=Citar texto
 buttons.code.tooltip=Adicionar código-fonte
 buttons.link.tooltip=Adicionar uma ligação
diff --git a/options/locale/locale_zh-CN.ini b/options/locale/locale_zh-CN.ini
index 73e5b41f4e..99fe329cbd 100644
--- a/options/locale/locale_zh-CN.ini
+++ b/options/locale/locale_zh-CN.ini
@@ -215,6 +215,7 @@ more=更多的
 buttons.heading.tooltip=添加标题
 buttons.bold.tooltip=添加粗体文本
 buttons.italic.tooltip=添加斜体文本
+buttons.strikethrough.tooltip=添加划线文本
 buttons.quote.tooltip=引用文本
 buttons.code.tooltip=添加代码
 buttons.link.tooltip=添加链接
@@ -1355,8 +1356,11 @@ editor.this_file_locked=文件已锁定
 editor.must_be_on_a_branch=您必须在某个分支上才能对此文件进行修改操作。
 editor.fork_before_edit=您必须派生这个仓库才能对此文件进行修改操作。
 editor.delete_this_file=删除文件
+editor.delete_this_directory=删除目录
 editor.must_have_write_access=您必须具有写权限才能对此文件进行修改操作。
 editor.file_delete_success=文件「%s」已删除。
+editor.directory_delete_success=目录「%s」已被删除。
+editor.delete_directory=删除目录「%s」
 editor.name_your_file=命名文件…
 editor.filename_help=通过键入名称后跟斜线 ("/") 来添加目录。通过在输入框的开头键入「退格」来删除目录。
 editor.or=或
diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 9f848ac3ce..9566e42e88 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@
     "chartjs-adapter-dayjs-4": "1.0.4",
     "chartjs-plugin-zoom": "2.2.0",
     "clippie": "4.1.9",
+    "compare-versions": "6.1.1",
     "cropperjs": "1.6.2",
     "css-loader": "7.1.2",
     "dayjs": "1.11.19",
diff --git a/pnpm-lock.yaml b/pnpm-lock.yaml
index d6c00cd081..7d6b00f675 100644
--- a/pnpm-lock.yaml
+++ b/pnpm-lock.yaml
@@ -86,6 +86,9 @@ importers:
       clippie:
         specifier: 4.1.9
         version: 4.1.9
+      compare-versions:
+        specifier: 6.1.1
+        version: 6.1.1
       cropperjs:
         specifier: 1.6.2
         version: 1.6.2
@@ -1870,6 +1873,9 @@ packages:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-buhp5kePrmda3vhc5B9t7pUQXAb2Tnd0qgpkIhPhkHXxJpiPJ11H0ZEU0oBpJ2QztSbzG/ZxMj/CHsYJqRHmyg==}
     engines: {node: '>= 12.0.0'}
 
+  compare-versions@6.1.1:
+    resolution: {integrity: sha512-4hm4VPpIecmlg59CHXnRDnqGplJFrbLG4aFEl5vl6cK1u76ws3LLvX7ikFnTDl5vo39sjWD6AaDPYodJp/NNHg==}
+
   concat-map@0.0.1:
     resolution: {integrity: sha512-/Srv4dswyQNBfohGpz9o6Yb3Gz3SrUDqBH5rTuhGR7ahtlbYKnVxw2bCFMRljaA7EXHaXZ8wsHdodFvbkhKmqg==}
 
@@ -5704,6 +5710,8 @@ snapshots:
 
   comment-parser@1.4.1: {}
 
+  compare-versions@6.1.1: {}
+
   concat-map@0.0.1: {}
 
   confbox@0.1.8: {}
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go b/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go
index 6f1e2eb120..6bed410642 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/admin/user.go
@@ -414,22 +414,116 @@ func SearchUsers(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	//   in: query
 	//   description: page size of results
 	//   type: integer
+	// - name: sort
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: sort users by attribute. Supported values are
+	//                "name", "created", "updated" and "id".
+	//                Default is "name"
+	//   type: string
+	// - name: order
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: sort order, either "asc" (ascending) or "desc" (descending).
+	//                Default is "asc", ignored if "sort" is not specified.
+	//   type: string
+	// - name: q
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: search term (username, full name, email)
+	//   type: string
+	// - name: visibility
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: visibility filter. Supported values are
+	//                "public", "limited" and "private".
+	//   type: string
+	// - name: is_active
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: filter active users
+	//   type: boolean
+	// - name: is_admin
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: filter admin users
+	//   type: boolean
+	// - name: is_restricted
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: filter restricted users
+	//   type: boolean
+	// - name: is_2fa_enabled
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: filter 2FA enabled users
+	//   type: boolean
+	// - name: is_prohibit_login
+	//   in: query
+	//   description: filter login prohibited users
+	//   type: boolean
 	// responses:
 	//   "200":
 	//     "$ref": "#/responses/UserList"
 	//   "403":
 	//     "$ref": "#/responses/forbidden"
+	//   "422":
+	//     "$ref": "#/responses/validationError"
 
 	listOptions := utils.GetListOptions(ctx)
 
-	users, maxResults, err := user_model.SearchUsers(ctx, user_model.SearchUserOptions{
-		Actor:       ctx.Doer,
-		Types:       []user_model.UserType{user_model.UserTypeIndividual},
-		LoginName:   ctx.FormTrim("login_name"),
-		SourceID:    ctx.FormInt64("source_id"),
-		OrderBy:     db.SearchOrderByAlphabetically,
-		ListOptions: listOptions,
-	})
+	orderBy := db.SearchOrderByAlphabetically
+	sortMode := ctx.FormString("sort")
+	if len(sortMode) > 0 {
+		sortOrder := ctx.FormString("order")
+		if len(sortOrder) == 0 {
+			sortOrder = "asc"
+		}
+		if searchModeMap, ok := user_model.AdminUserOrderByMap[sortOrder]; ok {
+			if order, ok := searchModeMap[sortMode]; ok {
+				orderBy = order
+			} else {
+				ctx.APIError(http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, fmt.Errorf("Invalid sort mode: \"%s\"", sortMode))
+				return
+			}
+		} else {
+			ctx.APIError(http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, fmt.Errorf("Invalid sort order: \"%s\"", sortOrder))
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	var visible []api.VisibleType
+	visibilityParam := ctx.FormString("visibility")
+	if len(visibilityParam) > 0 {
+		if visibility, ok := api.VisibilityModes[visibilityParam]; ok {
+			visible = []api.VisibleType{visibility}
+		} else {
+			ctx.APIError(http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, fmt.Errorf("Invalid visibility: \"%s\"", visibilityParam))
+			return
+		}
+	}
+
+	searchOpts := user_model.SearchUserOptions{
+		Actor:         ctx.Doer,
+		Types:         []user_model.UserType{user_model.UserTypeIndividual},
+		LoginName:     ctx.FormTrim("login_name"),
+		SourceID:      ctx.FormInt64("source_id"),
+		Keyword:       ctx.FormTrim("q"),
+		Visible:       visible,
+		OrderBy:       orderBy,
+		ListOptions:   listOptions,
+		SearchByEmail: true,
+	}
+
+	if ctx.FormString("is_active") != "" {
+		searchOpts.IsActive = optional.Some(ctx.FormBool("is_active"))
+	}
+	if ctx.FormString("is_admin") != "" {
+		searchOpts.IsAdmin = optional.Some(ctx.FormBool("is_admin"))
+	}
+	if ctx.FormString("is_restricted") != "" {
+		searchOpts.IsRestricted = optional.Some(ctx.FormBool("is_restricted"))
+	}
+	if ctx.FormString("is_2fa_enabled") != "" {
+		searchOpts.IsTwoFactorEnabled = optional.Some(ctx.FormBool("is_2fa_enabled"))
+	}
+	if ctx.FormString("is_prohibit_login") != "" {
+		searchOpts.IsProhibitLogin = optional.Some(ctx.FormBool("is_prohibit_login"))
+	}
+
+	users, maxResults, err := user_model.SearchUsers(ctx, searchOpts)
 	if err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/api.go b/routers/api/v1/api.go
index 8e07685759..fcf9e73057 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/api.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/api.go
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ func repoAssignment() func(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 			if err != nil {
 				if user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
 					if redirectUserID, err := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(ctx, userName); err == nil {
-						context.RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, userName, redirectUserID)
+						context.RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, ctx.Doer, userName, redirectUserID)
 					} else if user_model.IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err) {
 						ctx.APIErrorNotFound("GetUserByName", err)
 					} else {
@@ -612,7 +612,7 @@ func orgAssignment(args ...bool) func(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 				if organization.IsErrOrgNotExist(err) {
 					redirectUserID, err := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(ctx, ctx.PathParam("org"))
 					if err == nil {
-						context.RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, ctx.PathParam("org"), redirectUserID)
+						context.RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, ctx.Doer, ctx.PathParam("org"), redirectUserID)
 					} else if user_model.IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err) {
 						ctx.APIErrorNotFound("GetOrgByName", err)
 					} else {
@@ -1242,6 +1242,7 @@ func Routes() *web.Router {
 					m.Get("/*", repo.GetBranch)
 					m.Delete("/*", reqToken(), reqRepoWriter(unit.TypeCode), mustNotBeArchived, repo.DeleteBranch)
 					m.Post("", reqToken(), reqRepoWriter(unit.TypeCode), mustNotBeArchived, bind(api.CreateBranchRepoOption{}), repo.CreateBranch)
+					m.Put("/*", reqToken(), reqRepoWriter(unit.TypeCode), mustNotBeArchived, bind(api.UpdateBranchRepoOption{}), repo.UpdateBranch)
 					m.Patch("/*", reqToken(), reqRepoWriter(unit.TypeCode), mustNotBeArchived, bind(api.RenameBranchRepoOption{}), repo.RenameBranch)
 				}, context.ReferencesGitRepo(), reqRepoReader(unit.TypeCode))
 				m.Group("/branch_protections", func() {
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/misc/signing.go b/routers/api/v1/misc/signing.go
index db70e04b8f..6e1a9a09b2 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/misc/signing.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/misc/signing.go
@@ -10,13 +10,8 @@ import (
 )
 
 func getSigningKey(ctx *context.APIContext, expectedFormat string) {
-	// if the handler is in the repo's route group, get the repo's signing key
-	// otherwise, get the global signing key
-	path := ""
-	if ctx.Repo != nil && ctx.Repo.Repository != nil {
-		path = ctx.Repo.Repository.RepoPath()
-	}
-	content, format, err := asymkey_service.PublicSigningKey(ctx, path)
+	// get the global signing key
+	content, format, err := asymkey_service.PublicSigningKey(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
 		return
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/repo/branch.go b/routers/api/v1/repo/branch.go
index b9060e9cbd..4624d7e738 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/repo/branch.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/repo/branch.go
@@ -380,6 +380,81 @@ func ListBranches(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, apiBranches)
 }
 
+// UpdateBranch moves a branch reference to a new commit.
+func UpdateBranch(ctx *context.APIContext) {
+	// swagger:operation PUT /repos/{owner}/{repo}/branches/{branch} repository repoUpdateBranch
+	// ---
+	// summary: Update a branch reference to a new commit
+	// consumes:
+	// - application/json
+	// produces:
+	// - application/json
+	// parameters:
+	// - name: owner
+	//   in: path
+	//   description: owner of the repo
+	//   type: string
+	//   required: true
+	// - name: repo
+	//   in: path
+	//   description: name of the repo
+	//   type: string
+	//   required: true
+	// - name: branch
+	//   in: path
+	//   description: name of the branch
+	//   type: string
+	//   required: true
+	// - name: body
+	//   in: body
+	//   schema:
+	//     "$ref": "#/definitions/UpdateBranchRepoOption"
+	// responses:
+	//   "204":
+	//     "$ref": "#/responses/empty"
+	//   "403":
+	//     "$ref": "#/responses/forbidden"
+	//   "404":
+	//     "$ref": "#/responses/notFound"
+	//   "409":
+	//     "$ref": "#/responses/conflict"
+	//   "422":
+	//     "$ref": "#/responses/validationError"
+
+	opt := web.GetForm(ctx).(*api.UpdateBranchRepoOption)
+
+	branchName := ctx.PathParam("*")
+	repo := ctx.Repo.Repository
+
+	if repo.IsEmpty {
+		ctx.APIError(http.StatusNotFound, "Git Repository is empty.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if repo.IsMirror {
+		ctx.APIError(http.StatusForbidden, "Git Repository is a mirror.")
+		return
+	}
+
+	// permission check has been done in api.go
+	if err := repo_service.UpdateBranch(ctx, repo, ctx.Repo.GitRepo, ctx.Doer, branchName, opt.NewCommitID, opt.OldCommitID, opt.Force); err != nil {
+		switch {
+		case git_model.IsErrBranchNotExist(err):
+			ctx.APIErrorNotFound(err)
+		case errors.Is(err, util.ErrInvalidArgument):
+			ctx.APIError(http.StatusUnprocessableEntity, err)
+		case git.IsErrPushRejected(err):
+			rej := err.(*git.ErrPushRejected)
+			ctx.APIError(http.StatusForbidden, rej.Message)
+		default:
+			ctx.APIErrorInternal(err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
+}
+
 // RenameBranch renames a repository's branch.
 func RenameBranch(ctx *context.APIContext) {
 	// swagger:operation PATCH /repos/{owner}/{repo}/branches/{branch} repository repoRenameBranch
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/swagger/options.go b/routers/api/v1/swagger/options.go
index b80a9c14ba..310839374b 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/swagger/options.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/swagger/options.go
@@ -147,6 +147,8 @@ type swaggerParameterBodies struct {
 
 	// in:body
 	CreateBranchRepoOption api.CreateBranchRepoOption
+	// in:body
+	UpdateBranchRepoOption api.UpdateBranchRepoOption
 
 	// in:body
 	CreateBranchProtectionOption api.CreateBranchProtectionOption
diff --git a/routers/api/v1/user/helper.go b/routers/api/v1/user/helper.go
index f49bbbd6db..de3ec089df 100644
--- a/routers/api/v1/user/helper.go
+++ b/routers/api/v1/user/helper.go
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@ func GetUserByPathParam(ctx *context.APIContext, name string) *user_model.User {
 	if err != nil {
 		if user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
 			if redirectUserID, err2 := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(ctx, username); err2 == nil {
-				context.RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, username, redirectUserID)
+				context.RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, ctx.Doer, username, redirectUserID)
 			} else {
 				ctx.APIErrorNotFound("GetUserByName", err)
 			}
diff --git a/routers/common/middleware.go b/routers/common/middleware.go
index bfa258b976..6bf430d361 100644
--- a/routers/common/middleware.go
+++ b/routers/common/middleware.go
@@ -72,8 +72,13 @@ func RequestContextHandler() func(h http.Handler) http.Handler {
 			req = req.WithContext(cache.WithCacheContext(ctx))
 			ds.SetContextValue(httplib.RequestContextKey, req)
 			ds.AddCleanUp(func() {
-				if req.MultipartForm != nil {
-					_ = req.MultipartForm.RemoveAll() // remove the temp files buffered to tmp directory
+				// TODO: GOLANG-HTTP-TMPDIR: Golang saves the uploaded files to temp directory (TMPDIR) when parsing multipart-form.
+				// The "req" might have changed due to the new "req.WithContext" calls
+				// For example: in NewBaseContext, a new "req" with context is created, and the multipart-form is parsed there.
+				// So we always use the latest "req" from the data store.
+				ctxReq := ds.GetContextValue(httplib.RequestContextKey).(*http.Request)
+				if ctxReq.MultipartForm != nil {
+					_ = ctxReq.MultipartForm.RemoveAll() // remove the temp files buffered to tmp directory
 				}
 			})
 			next.ServeHTTP(respWriter, req)
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/blame.go b/routers/web/repo/blame.go
index 0eebff6aa8..0e95a9d023 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/blame.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/blame.go
@@ -4,8 +4,9 @@
 package repo
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"fmt"
-	gotemplate "html/template"
+	"html/template"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/url"
 	"path"
@@ -16,6 +17,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/charset"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/languagestats"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/highlight"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
@@ -25,18 +27,17 @@ import (
 )
 
 type blameRow struct {
-	RowNumber      int
-	Avatar         gotemplate.HTML
-	RepoLink       string
-	PartSha        string
+	RowNumber int
+
+	Avatar         template.HTML
 	PreviousSha    string
 	PreviousShaURL string
-	IsFirstCommit  bool
 	CommitURL      string
 	CommitMessage  string
-	CommitSince    gotemplate.HTML
-	Code           gotemplate.HTML
-	EscapeStatus   *charset.EscapeStatus
+	CommitSince    template.HTML
+
+	Code         template.HTML
+	EscapeStatus *charset.EscapeStatus
 }
 
 // RefBlame render blame page
@@ -99,7 +100,7 @@ func RefBlame(ctx *context.Context) {
 }
 
 type blameResult struct {
-	Parts                []*git.BlamePart
+	Parts                []*gitrepo.BlamePart
 	UsesIgnoreRevs       bool
 	FaultyIgnoreRevsFile bool
 }
@@ -107,7 +108,7 @@ type blameResult struct {
 func performBlame(ctx *context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, commit *git.Commit, file string, bypassBlameIgnore bool) (*blameResult, error) {
 	objectFormat := ctx.Repo.GetObjectFormat()
 
-	blameReader, err := git.CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, repo.RepoPath(), commit, file, bypassBlameIgnore)
+	blameReader, err := gitrepo.CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, repo, commit, file, bypassBlameIgnore)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, err
 	}
@@ -123,7 +124,7 @@ func performBlame(ctx *context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, commit *git
 		if len(r.Parts) == 0 && r.UsesIgnoreRevs {
 			// try again without ignored revs
 
-			blameReader, err = git.CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, repo.RepoPath(), commit, file, true)
+			blameReader, err = gitrepo.CreateBlameReader(ctx, objectFormat, repo, commit, file, true)
 			if err != nil {
 				return nil, err
 			}
@@ -143,12 +144,12 @@ func performBlame(ctx *context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, commit *git
 	return r, nil
 }
 
-func fillBlameResult(br *git.BlameReader, r *blameResult) error {
+func fillBlameResult(br *gitrepo.BlameReader, r *blameResult) error {
 	r.UsesIgnoreRevs = br.UsesIgnoreRevs()
 
-	previousHelper := make(map[string]*git.BlamePart)
+	previousHelper := make(map[string]*gitrepo.BlamePart)
 
-	r.Parts = make([]*git.BlamePart, 0, 5)
+	r.Parts = make([]*gitrepo.BlamePart, 0, 5)
 	for {
 		blamePart, err := br.NextPart()
 		if err != nil {
@@ -173,7 +174,7 @@ func fillBlameResult(br *git.BlameReader, r *blameResult) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func processBlameParts(ctx *context.Context, blameParts []*git.BlamePart) map[string]*user_model.UserCommit {
+func processBlameParts(ctx *context.Context, blameParts []*gitrepo.BlamePart) map[string]*user_model.UserCommit {
 	// store commit data by SHA to look up avatar info etc
 	commitNames := make(map[string]*user_model.UserCommit)
 	// and as blameParts can reference the same commits multiple
@@ -220,76 +221,64 @@ func processBlameParts(ctx *context.Context, blameParts []*git.BlamePart) map[st
 	return commitNames
 }
 
-func renderBlame(ctx *context.Context, blameParts []*git.BlamePart, commitNames map[string]*user_model.UserCommit) {
-	repoLink := ctx.Repo.RepoLink
+func renderBlameFillFirstBlameRow(repoLink string, avatarUtils *templates.AvatarUtils, part *gitrepo.BlamePart, commit *user_model.UserCommit, br *blameRow) {
+	if commit.User != nil {
+		br.Avatar = avatarUtils.Avatar(commit.User, 18)
+	} else {
+		br.Avatar = avatarUtils.AvatarByEmail(commit.Author.Email, commit.Author.Name, 18)
+	}
 
+	br.PreviousSha = part.PreviousSha
+	br.PreviousShaURL = fmt.Sprintf("%s/blame/commit/%s/%s", repoLink, url.PathEscape(part.PreviousSha), util.PathEscapeSegments(part.PreviousPath))
+	br.CommitURL = fmt.Sprintf("%s/commit/%s", repoLink, url.PathEscape(part.Sha))
+	br.CommitMessage = commit.CommitMessage
+	br.CommitSince = templates.TimeSince(commit.Author.When)
+}
+
+func renderBlame(ctx *context.Context, blameParts []*gitrepo.BlamePart, commitNames map[string]*user_model.UserCommit) {
 	language, err := languagestats.GetFileLanguage(ctx, ctx.Repo.GitRepo, ctx.Repo.CommitID, ctx.Repo.TreePath)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Unable to get file language for %-v:%s. Error: %v", ctx.Repo.Repository, ctx.Repo.TreePath, err)
 	}
 
-	lines := make([]string, 0)
+	buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
 	rows := make([]*blameRow, 0)
+	avatarUtils := templates.NewAvatarUtils(ctx)
+	rowNumber := 0 // will be 1-based
+	for _, part := range blameParts {
+		for partLineIdx, line := range part.Lines {
+			rowNumber++
+
+			br := &blameRow{RowNumber: rowNumber}
+			rows = append(rows, br)
+
+			if int64(buf.Len()) < setting.UI.MaxDisplayFileSize {
+				buf.WriteString(line)
+				buf.WriteByte('\n')
+			}
+
+			if partLineIdx == 0 {
+				renderBlameFillFirstBlameRow(ctx.Repo.RepoLink, avatarUtils, part, commitNames[part.Sha], br)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
 	escapeStatus := &charset.EscapeStatus{}
 
-	var lexerName string
-
-	avatarUtils := templates.NewAvatarUtils(ctx)
-	i := 0
-	commitCnt := 0
-	for _, part := range blameParts {
-		for index, line := range part.Lines {
-			i++
-			lines = append(lines, line)
-
-			br := &blameRow{
-				RowNumber: i,
-			}
-
-			commit := commitNames[part.Sha]
-			if index == 0 {
-				// Count commit number
-				commitCnt++
-
-				// User avatar image
-				commitSince := templates.TimeSince(commit.Author.When)
-
-				var avatar string
-				if commit.User != nil {
-					avatar = string(avatarUtils.Avatar(commit.User, 18))
-				} else {
-					avatar = string(avatarUtils.AvatarByEmail(commit.Author.Email, commit.Author.Name, 18, "tw-mr-2"))
-				}
-
-				br.Avatar = gotemplate.HTML(avatar)
-				br.RepoLink = repoLink
-				br.PartSha = part.Sha
-				br.PreviousSha = part.PreviousSha
-				br.PreviousShaURL = fmt.Sprintf("%s/blame/commit/%s/%s", repoLink, url.PathEscape(part.PreviousSha), util.PathEscapeSegments(part.PreviousPath))
-				br.CommitURL = fmt.Sprintf("%s/commit/%s", repoLink, url.PathEscape(part.Sha))
-				br.CommitMessage = commit.CommitMessage
-				br.CommitSince = commitSince
-			}
-
-			if i != len(lines)-1 {
-				line += "\n"
-			}
-			line, lexerNameForLine := highlight.Code(path.Base(ctx.Repo.TreePath), language, line)
-
-			// set lexer name to the first detected lexer. this is certainly suboptimal and
-			// we should instead highlight the whole file at once
-			if lexerName == "" {
-				lexerName = lexerNameForLine
-			}
-
-			br.EscapeStatus, br.Code = charset.EscapeControlHTML(line, ctx.Locale)
-			rows = append(rows, br)
-			escapeStatus = escapeStatus.Or(br.EscapeStatus)
+	bufContent := buf.Bytes()
+	bufContent = charset.ToUTF8(bufContent, charset.ConvertOpts{})
+	highlighted, lexerName := highlight.Code(path.Base(ctx.Repo.TreePath), language, util.UnsafeBytesToString(bufContent))
+	unsafeLines := highlight.UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines(highlighted)
+	for i, br := range rows {
+		var line template.HTML
+		if i < len(rows) {
+			line = template.HTML(util.UnsafeBytesToString(unsafeLines[i]))
 		}
+		br.EscapeStatus, br.Code = charset.EscapeControlHTML(line, ctx.Locale)
+		escapeStatus = escapeStatus.Or(br.EscapeStatus)
 	}
 
 	ctx.Data["EscapeStatus"] = escapeStatus
 	ctx.Data["BlameRows"] = rows
-	ctx.Data["CommitCnt"] = commitCnt
 	ctx.Data["LexerName"] = lexerName
 }
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/branch.go b/routers/web/repo/branch.go
index f21f568231..2b0ba9072d 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/branch.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/branch.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unit"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/optional"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
@@ -133,8 +134,7 @@ func RestoreBranchPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	if err := git.Push(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.RepoPath(), git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: ctx.Repo.Repository.RepoPath(),
+	if err := gitrepo.Push(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository, ctx.Repo.Repository, git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s%s", deletedBranch.CommitID, git.BranchPrefix, deletedBranch.Name),
 		Env:    repo_module.PushingEnvironment(ctx.Doer, ctx.Repo.Repository),
 	}); err != nil {
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/editor.go b/routers/web/repo/editor.go
index 983249a6d2..048c9f3d4a 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/editor.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/editor.go
@@ -317,11 +317,7 @@ func EditFile(ctx *context.Context) {
 				ctx.ServerError("ReadAll", err)
 				return
 			}
-			if content, err := charset.ToUTF8(buf, charset.ConvertOpts{KeepBOM: true}); err != nil {
-				ctx.Data["FileContent"] = string(buf)
-			} else {
-				ctx.Data["FileContent"] = content
-			}
+			ctx.Data["FileContent"] = string(charset.ToUTF8(buf, charset.ConvertOpts{KeepBOM: true, ErrorReturnOrigin: true}))
 		}
 	}
 
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/editor_cherry_pick.go b/routers/web/repo/editor_cherry_pick.go
index 32e3c58e87..ca0e19517a 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/editor_cherry_pick.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/editor_cherry_pick.go
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/context"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/forms"
@@ -35,9 +36,7 @@ func CherryPick(ctx *context.Context) {
 		ctx.Data["commit_message"] = "revert " + cherryPickCommit.Message()
 	} else {
 		ctx.Data["CherryPickType"] = "cherry-pick"
-		splits := strings.SplitN(cherryPickCommit.Message(), "\n", 2)
-		ctx.Data["commit_summary"] = splits[0]
-		ctx.Data["commit_message"] = splits[1]
+		ctx.Data["commit_summary"], ctx.Data["commit_message"], _ = strings.Cut(cherryPickCommit.Message(), "\n")
 	}
 
 	ctx.HTML(http.StatusOK, tplCherryPick)
@@ -66,7 +65,7 @@ func CherryPickPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		// Drop through to the "apply" method
 		buf := &bytes.Buffer{}
 		if parsed.form.Revert {
-			err = git.GetReverseRawDiff(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.RepoPath(), fromCommitID, buf)
+			err = gitrepo.GetReverseRawDiff(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository, fromCommitID, buf)
 		} else {
 			err = git.GetRawDiff(ctx.Repo.GitRepo, fromCommitID, "patch", buf)
 		}
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/editor_util.go b/routers/web/repo/editor_util.go
index f910f0bd40..07bcb474f0 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/editor_util.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/editor_util.go
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ import (
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/json"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
@@ -102,8 +103,7 @@ func getUniqueRepositoryName(ctx context.Context, ownerID int64, name string) st
 }
 
 func editorPushBranchToForkedRepository(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, baseRepo *repo_model.Repository, baseBranchName string, targetRepo *repo_model.Repository, targetBranchName string) error {
-	return git.Push(ctx, baseRepo.RepoPath(), git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: targetRepo.RepoPath(),
+	return gitrepo.Push(ctx, baseRepo, targetRepo, git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: baseBranchName + ":" + targetBranchName,
 		Env:    repo_module.PushingEnvironment(doer, targetRepo),
 	})
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/issue_comment.go b/routers/web/repo/issue_comment.go
index edad756b6b..a3cb88e76a 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/issue_comment.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/issue_comment.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/renderhelper"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/htmlutil"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/markup/markdown"
@@ -110,7 +111,7 @@ func NewComment(ctx *context.Context) {
 						ctx.ServerError("Unable to load base repo", err)
 						return
 					}
-					prHeadCommitID, err := git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, pull.BaseRepo.RepoPath(), prHeadRef)
+					prHeadCommitID, err := gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, pull.BaseRepo, prHeadRef)
 					if err != nil {
 						ctx.ServerError("Get head commit Id of pr fail", err)
 						return
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ func NewComment(ctx *context.Context) {
 						return
 					}
 					headBranchRef := git.RefNameFromBranch(pull.HeadBranch)
-					headBranchCommitID, err := git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, pull.HeadRepo.RepoPath(), headBranchRef.String())
+					headBranchCommitID, err := gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, pull.HeadRepo, headBranchRef.String())
 					if err != nil {
 						ctx.ServerError("Get head commit Id of head branch fail", err)
 						return
@@ -141,8 +142,7 @@ func NewComment(ctx *context.Context) {
 
 					if prHeadCommitID != headBranchCommitID {
 						// force push to base repo
-						err := git.Push(ctx, pull.HeadRepo.RepoPath(), git.PushOptions{
-							Remote: pull.BaseRepo.RepoPath(),
+						err := gitrepo.Push(ctx, pull.HeadRepo, pull.BaseRepo, git.PushOptions{
 							Branch: pull.HeadBranch + ":" + prHeadRef,
 							Force:  true,
 							Env:    repo_module.InternalPushingEnvironment(pull.Issue.Poster, pull.BaseRepo),
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/migrate.go b/routers/web/repo/migrate.go
index ea15e90e5c..8f4adb2ad2 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/migrate.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/migrate.go
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/context"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/forms"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/migrations"
+	repo_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/repository"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/task"
 )
 
@@ -237,7 +238,7 @@ func MigratePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 		opts.AWSSecretAccessKey = form.AWSSecretAccessKey
 	}
 
-	err = repo_model.CheckCreateRepository(ctx, ctx.Doer, ctxUser, opts.RepoName, false)
+	err = repo_service.CheckCreateRepository(ctx, ctx.Doer, ctxUser, opts.RepoName, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		handleMigrateError(ctx, ctxUser, err, "MigratePost", tpl, form)
 		return
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/release.go b/routers/web/repo/release.go
index 33e0dc5889..1b36dc4d44 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/release.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/release.go
@@ -392,6 +392,32 @@ func NewRelease(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.HTML(http.StatusOK, tplReleaseNew)
 }
 
+// GenerateReleaseNotes builds release notes content for the given tag and base.
+func GenerateReleaseNotes(ctx *context.Context) {
+	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*forms.GenerateReleaseNotesForm)
+
+	if ctx.HasError() {
+		ctx.JSONError(ctx.GetErrMsg())
+		return
+	}
+
+	content, err := release_service.GenerateReleaseNotes(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository, ctx.Repo.GitRepo, release_service.GenerateReleaseNotesOptions{
+		TagName:     form.TagName,
+		TagTarget:   form.TagTarget,
+		PreviousTag: form.PreviousTag,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		if errTr := util.ErrorAsTranslatable(err); errTr != nil {
+			ctx.JSONError(errTr.Translate(ctx.Locale))
+		} else {
+			ctx.ServerError("GenerateReleaseNotes", err)
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	ctx.JSON(http.StatusOK, map[string]any{"content": content})
+}
+
 // NewReleasePost response for creating a release
 func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	newReleaseCommon(ctx)
@@ -520,11 +546,13 @@ func NewReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 
 // EditRelease render release edit page
 func EditRelease(ctx *context.Context) {
+	newReleaseCommon(ctx)
+	if ctx.Written() {
+		return
+	}
+
 	ctx.Data["Title"] = ctx.Tr("repo.release.edit_release")
-	ctx.Data["PageIsReleaseList"] = true
 	ctx.Data["PageIsEditRelease"] = true
-	ctx.Data["IsAttachmentEnabled"] = setting.Attachment.Enabled
-	upload.AddUploadContext(ctx, "release")
 
 	tagName := ctx.PathParam("*")
 	rel, err := repo_model.GetRelease(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.ID, tagName)
@@ -565,8 +593,13 @@ func EditRelease(ctx *context.Context) {
 // EditReleasePost response for edit release
 func EditReleasePost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	form := web.GetForm(ctx).(*forms.EditReleaseForm)
+
+	newReleaseCommon(ctx)
+	if ctx.Written() {
+		return
+	}
+
 	ctx.Data["Title"] = ctx.Tr("repo.release.edit_release")
-	ctx.Data["PageIsReleaseList"] = true
 	ctx.Data["PageIsEditRelease"] = true
 
 	tagName := ctx.PathParam("*")
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/setting/lfs.go b/routers/web/repo/setting/lfs.go
index a558231df1..c7a19062d2 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/setting/lfs.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/setting/lfs.go
@@ -20,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/attribute"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/pipeline"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/lfs"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
@@ -112,7 +113,7 @@ func LFSLocks(ctx *context.Context) {
 	}
 	defer cleanup()
 
-	if err := git.Clone(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository.RepoPath(), tmpBasePath, git.CloneRepoOptions{
+	if err := gitrepo.CloneRepoToLocal(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository, tmpBasePath, git.CloneRepoOptions{
 		Bare:   true,
 		Shared: true,
 	}); err != nil {
diff --git a/routers/web/repo/setting/setting.go b/routers/web/repo/setting/setting.go
index 60eb35f56d..0c73c1490f 100644
--- a/routers/web/repo/setting/setting.go
+++ b/routers/web/repo/setting/setting.go
@@ -61,7 +61,7 @@ func SettingsCtxData(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.Data["MinimumMirrorInterval"] = setting.Mirror.MinInterval
 	ctx.Data["CanConvertFork"] = ctx.Repo.Repository.IsFork && ctx.Doer.CanCreateRepoIn(ctx.Repo.Repository.Owner)
 
-	signing, _ := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository)
+	signing, _ := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	ctx.Data["SigningKeyAvailable"] = signing != nil
 	ctx.Data["SigningSettings"] = setting.Repository.Signing
 	ctx.Data["IsRepoIndexerEnabled"] = setting.Indexer.RepoIndexerEnabled
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ func SettingsPost(ctx *context.Context) {
 	ctx.Data["DefaultMirrorInterval"] = setting.Mirror.DefaultInterval
 	ctx.Data["MinimumMirrorInterval"] = setting.Mirror.MinInterval
 
-	signing, _ := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx, ctx.Repo.Repository)
+	signing, _ := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	ctx.Data["SigningKeyAvailable"] = signing != nil
 	ctx.Data["SigningSettings"] = setting.Repository.Signing
 	ctx.Data["IsRepoIndexerEnabled"] = setting.Indexer.RepoIndexerEnabled
diff --git a/routers/web/web.go b/routers/web/web.go
index 1c01eb63a1..ea70d8bb62 100644
--- a/routers/web/web.go
+++ b/routers/web/web.go
@@ -227,6 +227,8 @@ func ctxDataSet(args ...any) func(ctx *context.Context) {
 	}
 }
 
+const RouterMockPointBeforeWebRoutes = "before-web-routes"
+
 // Routes returns all web routes
 func Routes() *web.Router {
 	routes := web.NewRouter()
@@ -285,7 +287,7 @@ func Routes() *web.Router {
 
 	webRoutes := web.NewRouter()
 	webRoutes.Use(mid...)
-	webRoutes.Group("", func() { registerWebRoutes(webRoutes) }, common.BlockExpensive(), common.QoS())
+	webRoutes.Group("", func() { registerWebRoutes(webRoutes) }, common.BlockExpensive(), common.QoS(), web.RouterMockPoint(RouterMockPointBeforeWebRoutes))
 	routes.Mount("", webRoutes)
 	return routes
 }
@@ -1402,6 +1404,7 @@ func registerWebRoutes(m *web.Router) {
 		m.Group("/releases", func() {
 			m.Get("/new", repo.NewRelease)
 			m.Post("/new", web.Bind(forms.NewReleaseForm{}), repo.NewReleasePost)
+			m.Post("/generate-notes", web.Bind(forms.GenerateReleaseNotesForm{}), repo.GenerateReleaseNotes)
 			m.Post("/delete", repo.DeleteRelease)
 			m.Post("/attachments", repo.UploadReleaseAttachment)
 			m.Post("/attachments/remove", repo.DeleteAttachment)
diff --git a/services/asymkey/commit.go b/services/asymkey/commit.go
index 54ef052a50..6286588a60 100644
--- a/services/asymkey/commit.go
+++ b/services/asymkey/commit.go
@@ -162,7 +162,7 @@ func parseCommitWithGPGSignature(ctx context.Context, c *git.Commit, committer *
 		}
 	}
 
-	defaultGPGSettings, err := c.GetRepositoryDefaultPublicGPGKey(false)
+	defaultGPGSettings, err := git.GetDefaultPublicGPGKey(ctx, false)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Error getting default public gpg key: %v", err)
 	} else if defaultGPGSettings == nil {
diff --git a/services/asymkey/sign.go b/services/asymkey/sign.go
index 1ed05ba287..eb6e461346 100644
--- a/services/asymkey/sign.go
+++ b/services/asymkey/sign.go
@@ -108,34 +108,34 @@ func IsErrWontSign(err error) bool {
 	return ok
 }
 
-// PublicSigningKey gets the public signing key within a provided repository directory
-func PublicSigningKey(ctx context.Context, repoPath string) (content, format string, err error) {
-	signingKey, _ := git.GetSigningKey(ctx, repoPath)
+// PublicSigningKey gets the public signing key of the entire instance
+func PublicSigningKey(ctx context.Context) (content, format string, err error) {
+	signingKey, _ := git.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	if signingKey == nil {
 		return "", "", nil
 	}
 	if signingKey.Format == git.SigningKeyFormatSSH {
 		content, err := os.ReadFile(signingKey.KeyID)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Unable to read SSH public key file in %s: %s, %v", repoPath, signingKey, err)
+			log.Error("Unable to read SSH public key file: %s, %v", signingKey, err)
 			return "", signingKey.Format, err
 		}
 		return string(content), signingKey.Format, nil
 	}
 
-	content, stderr, err := process.GetManager().ExecDir(ctx, -1, repoPath,
+	content, stderr, err := process.GetManager().ExecDir(ctx, -1, setting.Git.HomePath,
 		"gpg --export -a", "gpg", "--export", "-a", signingKey.KeyID)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Error("Unable to get default signing key in %s: %s, %s, %v", repoPath, signingKey, stderr, err)
+		log.Error("Unable to get default signing key: %s, %s, %v", signingKey, stderr, err)
 		return "", signingKey.Format, err
 	}
 	return content, signingKey.Format, nil
 }
 
 // SignInitialCommit determines if we should sign the initial commit to this repository
-func SignInitialCommit(ctx context.Context, repoPath string, u *user_model.User) (bool, *git.SigningKey, *git.Signature, error) {
+func SignInitialCommit(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User) (bool, *git.SigningKey, *git.Signature, error) {
 	rules := signingModeFromStrings(setting.Repository.Signing.InitialCommit)
-	signingKey, sig := git.GetSigningKey(ctx, repoPath)
+	signingKey, sig := git.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	if signingKey == nil {
 		return false, nil, nil, &ErrWontSign{noKey}
 	}
@@ -171,7 +171,7 @@ Loop:
 // SignWikiCommit determines if we should sign the commits to this repository wiki
 func SignWikiCommit(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, u *user_model.User) (bool, *git.SigningKey, *git.Signature, error) {
 	rules := signingModeFromStrings(setting.Repository.Signing.Wiki)
-	signingKey, sig := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx, repo.WikiStorageRepo())
+	signingKey, sig := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	if signingKey == nil {
 		return false, nil, nil, &ErrWontSign{noKey}
 	}
@@ -222,9 +222,9 @@ Loop:
 }
 
 // SignCRUDAction determines if we should sign a CRUD commit to this repository
-func SignCRUDAction(ctx context.Context, repoPath string, u *user_model.User, tmpBasePath, parentCommit string) (bool, *git.SigningKey, *git.Signature, error) {
+func SignCRUDAction(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User, tmpBasePath, parentCommit string) (bool, *git.SigningKey, *git.Signature, error) {
 	rules := signingModeFromStrings(setting.Repository.Signing.CRUDActions)
-	signingKey, sig := git.GetSigningKey(ctx, repoPath)
+	signingKey, sig := git.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	if signingKey == nil {
 		return false, nil, nil, &ErrWontSign{noKey}
 	}
@@ -288,7 +288,7 @@ func SignMerge(ctx context.Context, pr *issues_model.PullRequest, u *user_model.
 	}
 	repo := pr.BaseRepo
 
-	signingKey, signer := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx, repo)
+	signingKey, signer := gitrepo.GetSigningKey(ctx)
 	if signingKey == nil {
 		return false, nil, nil, &ErrWontSign{noKey}
 	}
diff --git a/services/context/base.go b/services/context/base.go
index de839ede81..8bd66bed09 100644
--- a/services/context/base.go
+++ b/services/context/base.go
@@ -43,8 +43,10 @@ type Base struct {
 	Locale translation.Locale
 }
 
+var ParseMultipartFormMaxMemory = int64(32 << 20)
+
 func (b *Base) ParseMultipartForm() bool {
-	err := b.Req.ParseMultipartForm(32 << 20)
+	err := b.Req.ParseMultipartForm(ParseMultipartFormMaxMemory)
 	if err != nil {
 		// TODO: all errors caused by client side should be ignored (connection closed).
 		if !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) && !errors.Is(err, io.ErrUnexpectedEOF) {
diff --git a/services/context/context_response.go b/services/context/context_response.go
index 3f64fc7352..bb896024b1 100644
--- a/services/context/context_response.go
+++ b/services/context/context_response.go
@@ -20,15 +20,27 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/httplib"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/templates"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web/middleware"
 )
 
 // RedirectToUser redirect to a differently-named user
-func RedirectToUser(ctx *Base, userName string, redirectUserID int64) {
+func RedirectToUser(ctx *Base, doer *user_model.User, userName string, redirectUserID int64) {
 	user, err := user_model.GetUserByID(ctx, redirectUserID)
 	if err != nil {
-		ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unable to get user")
+		if user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
+			ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusNotFound, "user does not exist")
+		} else {
+			ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusInternalServerError, "unable to get user")
+		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Handle Visibility
+	if user.Visibility != structs.VisibleTypePublic && doer == nil {
+		// We must be signed in to see limited or private organizations
+		ctx.HTTPError(http.StatusNotFound, "user does not exist")
 		return
 	}
 
diff --git a/services/context/csrf.go b/services/context/csrf.go
index f190465bdb..aa99f34b03 100644
--- a/services/context/csrf.go
+++ b/services/context/csrf.go
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ func (c *csrfProtector) PrepareForSessionUser(ctx *Context) {
 	if uidChanged {
 		_ = ctx.Session.Set(c.opt.oldSessionKey, c.id)
 	} else if cookieToken != "" {
-		// If cookie token presents, re-use existing unexpired token, else generate a new one.
+		// If cookie token present, re-use existing unexpired token, else generate a new one.
 		if issueTime, ok := ParseCsrfToken(cookieToken); ok {
 			dur := time.Since(issueTime) // issueTime is not a monotonic-clock, the server time may change a lot to an early time.
 			if dur >= -CsrfTokenRegenerationInterval && dur <= CsrfTokenRegenerationInterval {
diff --git a/services/context/org.go b/services/context/org.go
index 1cd8923178..4c64ff72a9 100644
--- a/services/context/org.go
+++ b/services/context/org.go
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ func GetOrganizationByParams(ctx *Context) {
 		if organization.IsErrOrgNotExist(err) {
 			redirectUserID, err := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(ctx, orgName)
 			if err == nil {
-				RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, orgName, redirectUserID)
+				RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, ctx.Doer, orgName, redirectUserID)
 			} else if user_model.IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err) {
 				ctx.NotFound(err)
 			} else {
@@ -70,8 +70,9 @@ type OrgAssignmentOptions struct {
 }
 
 // OrgAssignment returns a middleware to handle organization assignment
-func OrgAssignment(opts OrgAssignmentOptions) func(ctx *Context) {
+func OrgAssignment(orgAssignmentOpts OrgAssignmentOptions) func(ctx *Context) {
 	return func(ctx *Context) {
+		opts := orgAssignmentOpts // it must be a copy, because the values will be changed
 		var err error
 		if ctx.ContextUser == nil {
 			// if Organization is not defined, get it from params
diff --git a/services/context/repo.go b/services/context/repo.go
index 64b8695236..e70e83e233 100644
--- a/services/context/repo.go
+++ b/services/context/repo.go
@@ -140,7 +140,7 @@ func PrepareCommitFormOptions(ctx *Context, doer *user_model.User, targetRepo *r
 		protectionRequireSigned = protectedBranch.RequireSignedCommits
 	}
 
-	willSign, signKey, _, err := asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, targetRepo.RepoPath(), doer, targetRepo.RepoPath(), refName.String())
+	willSign, signKey, _, err := asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, doer, targetRepo.RepoPath(), refName.String())
 	wontSignReason := ""
 	if asymkey_service.IsErrWontSign(err) {
 		wontSignReason = string(err.(*asymkey_service.ErrWontSign).Reason)
@@ -443,7 +443,7 @@ func RepoAssignment(ctx *Context) {
 				}
 
 				if redirectUserID, err := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(ctx, userName); err == nil {
-					RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, userName, redirectUserID)
+					RedirectToUser(ctx.Base, ctx.Doer, userName, redirectUserID)
 				} else if user_model.IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err) {
 					ctx.NotFound(nil)
 				} else {
diff --git a/services/context/user.go b/services/context/user.go
index f1a3035ee9..19c055e2a3 100644
--- a/services/context/user.go
+++ b/services/context/user.go
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ func userAssignment(ctx *Base, doer *user_model.User, errCb func(int, any)) (con
 		if err != nil {
 			if user_model.IsErrUserNotExist(err) {
 				if redirectUserID, err := user_model.LookupUserRedirect(ctx, username); err == nil {
-					RedirectToUser(ctx, username, redirectUserID)
+					RedirectToUser(ctx, doer, username, redirectUserID)
 				} else if user_model.IsErrUserRedirectNotExist(err) {
 					errCb(http.StatusNotFound, err)
 				} else {
diff --git a/services/doctor/checkOldArchives.go b/services/doctor/checkOldArchives.go
index 390dfb43aa..fa1a6ccb1d 100644
--- a/services/doctor/checkOldArchives.go
+++ b/services/doctor/checkOldArchives.go
@@ -5,12 +5,10 @@ package doctor
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 )
 
 func checkOldArchives(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) error {
@@ -21,18 +19,18 @@ func checkOldArchives(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) erro
 			return nil
 		}
 
-		p := filepath.Join(repo.RepoPath(), "archives")
-		isDir, err := util.IsDir(p)
+		isDir, err := gitrepo.IsRepoDirExist(ctx, repo, "archives")
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Warn("check if %s is directory failed: %v", p, err)
+			log.Warn("check if %s is directory failed: %v", repo.FullName(), err)
 		}
 		if isDir {
 			numRepos++
 			if autofix {
-				if err := os.RemoveAll(p); err == nil {
+				err := gitrepo.RemoveRepoFileOrDir(ctx, repo, "archives")
+				if err == nil {
 					numReposUpdated++
 				} else {
-					log.Warn("remove %s failed: %v", p, err)
+					log.Warn("remove %s failed: %v", repo.FullName(), err)
 				}
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/services/doctor/misc.go b/services/doctor/misc.go
index ce7eea1dcc..8765cfa025 100644
--- a/services/doctor/misc.go
+++ b/services/doctor/misc.go
@@ -6,9 +6,7 @@ package doctor
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
 	"os/exec"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models"
@@ -20,7 +18,6 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 
 	lru "github.com/hashicorp/golang-lru/v2"
 	"xorm.io/builder"
@@ -142,10 +139,10 @@ func checkDaemonExport(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) err
 		}
 
 		// Create/Remove git-daemon-export-ok for git-daemon...
-		daemonExportFile := filepath.Join(repo.RepoPath(), `git-daemon-export-ok`)
-		isExist, err := util.IsExist(daemonExportFile)
+		daemonExportFile := `git-daemon-export-ok`
+		isExist, err := gitrepo.IsRepoFileExist(ctx, repo, daemonExportFile)
 		if err != nil {
-			log.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", daemonExportFile, err)
+			log.Error("Unable to check if %s:%s exists. Error: %v", repo.FullName(), daemonExportFile, err)
 			return err
 		}
 		isPublic := !repo.IsPrivate && repo.Owner.Visibility == structs.VisibleTypePublic
@@ -154,12 +151,12 @@ func checkDaemonExport(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) err
 			numNeedUpdate++
 			if autofix {
 				if !isPublic && isExist {
-					if err = util.Remove(daemonExportFile); err != nil {
-						log.Error("Failed to remove %s: %v", daemonExportFile, err)
+					if err = gitrepo.RemoveRepoFileOrDir(ctx, repo, daemonExportFile); err != nil {
+						log.Error("Failed to remove %s:%s: %v", repo.FullName(), daemonExportFile, err)
 					}
 				} else if isPublic && !isExist {
-					if f, err := os.Create(daemonExportFile); err != nil {
-						log.Error("Failed to create %s: %v", daemonExportFile, err)
+					if f, err := gitrepo.CreateRepoFile(ctx, repo, daemonExportFile); err != nil {
+						log.Error("Failed to create %s:%s: %v", repo.FullName(), daemonExportFile, err)
 					} else {
 						f.Close()
 					}
@@ -190,16 +187,16 @@ func checkCommitGraph(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) erro
 
 		commitGraphExists := func() (bool, error) {
 			// Check commit-graph exists
-			commitGraphFile := filepath.Join(repo.RepoPath(), `objects/info/commit-graph`)
-			isExist, err := util.IsExist(commitGraphFile)
+			commitGraphFile := `objects/info/commit-graph`
+			isExist, err := gitrepo.IsRepoFileExist(ctx, repo, commitGraphFile)
 			if err != nil {
 				logger.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", commitGraphFile, err)
 				return false, err
 			}
 
 			if !isExist {
-				commitGraphsDir := filepath.Join(repo.RepoPath(), `objects/info/commit-graphs`)
-				isExist, err = util.IsExist(commitGraphsDir)
+				commitGraphsDir := `objects/info/commit-graphs`
+				isExist, err = gitrepo.IsRepoDirExist(ctx, repo, commitGraphsDir)
 				if err != nil {
 					logger.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", commitGraphsDir, err)
 					return false, err
@@ -215,7 +212,7 @@ func checkCommitGraph(ctx context.Context, logger log.Logger, autofix bool) erro
 		if !isExist {
 			numNeedUpdate++
 			if autofix {
-				if err := git.WriteCommitGraph(ctx, repo.RepoPath()); err != nil {
+				if err := gitrepo.WriteCommitGraph(ctx, repo); err != nil {
 					logger.Error("Unable to write commit-graph in %s. Error: %v", repo.FullName(), err)
 					return err
 				}
diff --git a/services/forms/repo_form.go b/services/forms/repo_form.go
index 6820521ba3..2d33d2b42b 100644
--- a/services/forms/repo_form.go
+++ b/services/forms/repo_form.go
@@ -638,6 +638,19 @@ func (f *NewReleaseForm) Validate(req *http.Request, errs binding.Errors) bindin
 	return middleware.Validate(errs, ctx.Data, f, ctx.Locale)
 }
 
+// GenerateReleaseNotesForm retrieves release notes recommendations.
+type GenerateReleaseNotesForm struct {
+	TagName     string `form:"tag_name" binding:"Required;GitRefName;MaxSize(255)"`
+	TagTarget   string `form:"tag_target" binding:"MaxSize(255)"`
+	PreviousTag string `form:"previous_tag" binding:"MaxSize(255)"`
+}
+
+// Validate validates the fields
+func (f *GenerateReleaseNotesForm) Validate(req *http.Request, errs binding.Errors) binding.Errors {
+	ctx := context.GetValidateContext(req)
+	return middleware.Validate(errs, ctx.Data, f, ctx.Locale)
+}
+
 // EditReleaseForm form for changing release
 type EditReleaseForm struct {
 	Title      string `form:"title" binding:"Required;MaxSize(255)"`
diff --git a/services/gitdiff/git_diff_tree.go b/services/gitdiff/git_diff_tree.go
index 4649c24af3..2a3c7c9445 100644
--- a/services/gitdiff/git_diff_tree.go
+++ b/services/gitdiff/git_diff_tree.go
@@ -15,6 +15,7 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 )
 
 type DiffTree struct {
@@ -56,7 +57,9 @@ func runGitDiffTree(ctx context.Context, gitRepo *git.Repository, useMergeBase b
 		return nil, err
 	}
 
-	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("diff-tree", "--raw", "-r", "--find-renames", "--root")
+	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("diff-tree", "--raw", "-r", "--root").
+		AddOptionFormat("--find-renames=%s", setting.Git.DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold)
+
 	if useMergeBase {
 		cmd.AddArguments("--merge-base")
 	}
diff --git a/services/gitdiff/gitdiff.go b/services/gitdiff/gitdiff.go
index 6e15f71609..17eb3d4280 100644
--- a/services/gitdiff/gitdiff.go
+++ b/services/gitdiff/gitdiff.go
@@ -835,11 +835,11 @@ parsingLoop:
 			if buffer.Len() == 0 {
 				continue
 			}
-			charsetLabel, err := charset.DetectEncoding(buffer.Bytes())
-			if charsetLabel != "UTF-8" && err == nil {
-				encoding, _ := stdcharset.Lookup(charsetLabel)
-				if encoding != nil {
-					diffLineTypeDecoders[lineType] = encoding.NewDecoder()
+			charsetLabel, _ := charset.DetectEncoding(buffer.Bytes())
+			if charsetLabel != "UTF-8" {
+				charsetEncoding, _ := stdcharset.Lookup(charsetLabel)
+				if charsetEncoding != nil {
+					diffLineTypeDecoders[lineType] = charsetEncoding.NewDecoder()
 				}
 			}
 		}
@@ -1225,8 +1225,9 @@ func getDiffBasic(ctx context.Context, gitRepo *git.Repository, opts *DiffOption
 	}
 
 	cmdDiff := gitcmd.NewCommand().
-		AddArguments("diff", "--src-prefix=\\a/", "--dst-prefix=\\b/", "-M").
-		AddArguments(opts.WhitespaceBehavior...)
+		AddArguments("diff", "--src-prefix=\\a/", "--dst-prefix=\\b/").
+		AddArguments(opts.WhitespaceBehavior...).
+		AddOptionFormat("--find-renames=%s", setting.Git.DiffRenameSimilarityThreshold)
 
 	// In git 2.31, git diff learned --skip-to which we can use to shortcut skip to file
 	// so if we are using at least this version of git we don't have to tell ParsePatch to do
@@ -1325,10 +1326,10 @@ func GetDiffForRender(ctx context.Context, repoLink string, gitRepo *git.Reposit
 		shouldFullFileHighlight := !setting.Git.DisableDiffHighlight && attrDiff.Value() == ""
 		if shouldFullFileHighlight {
 			if limitedContent.LeftContent != nil && limitedContent.LeftContent.buf.Len() < MaxDiffHighlightEntireFileSize {
-				diffFile.highlightedLeftLines = highlightCodeLines(diffFile, true /* left */, limitedContent.LeftContent.buf.String())
+				diffFile.highlightedLeftLines = highlightCodeLines(diffFile, true /* left */, limitedContent.LeftContent.buf.Bytes())
 			}
 			if limitedContent.RightContent != nil && limitedContent.RightContent.buf.Len() < MaxDiffHighlightEntireFileSize {
-				diffFile.highlightedRightLines = highlightCodeLines(diffFile, false /* right */, limitedContent.RightContent.buf.String())
+				diffFile.highlightedRightLines = highlightCodeLines(diffFile, false /* right */, limitedContent.RightContent.buf.Bytes())
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -1336,10 +1337,11 @@ func GetDiffForRender(ctx context.Context, repoLink string, gitRepo *git.Reposit
 	return diff, nil
 }
 
-func highlightCodeLines(diffFile *DiffFile, isLeft bool, content string) map[int]template.HTML {
+func highlightCodeLines(diffFile *DiffFile, isLeft bool, rawContent []byte) map[int]template.HTML {
+	content := util.UnsafeBytesToString(charset.ToUTF8(rawContent, charset.ConvertOpts{}))
 	highlightedNewContent, _ := highlight.Code(diffFile.Name, diffFile.Language, content)
-	splitLines := strings.Split(string(highlightedNewContent), "\n")
-	lines := make(map[int]template.HTML, len(splitLines))
+	unsafeLines := highlight.UnsafeSplitHighlightedLines(highlightedNewContent)
+	lines := make(map[int]template.HTML, len(unsafeLines))
 	// only save the highlighted lines we need, but not the whole file, to save memory
 	for _, sec := range diffFile.Sections {
 		for _, ln := range sec.Lines {
@@ -1349,8 +1351,8 @@ func highlightCodeLines(diffFile *DiffFile, isLeft bool, content string) map[int
 			}
 			if lineIdx >= 1 {
 				idx := lineIdx - 1
-				if idx < len(splitLines) {
-					lines[idx] = template.HTML(splitLines[idx])
+				if idx < len(unsafeLines) {
+					lines[idx] = template.HTML(util.UnsafeBytesToString(unsafeLines[idx]))
 				}
 			}
 		}
diff --git a/services/gitdiff/gitdiff_test.go b/services/gitdiff/gitdiff_test.go
index 721ae0dfc7..a94dad8b63 100644
--- a/services/gitdiff/gitdiff_test.go
+++ b/services/gitdiff/gitdiff_test.go
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@
 package gitdiff
 
 import (
+	"html/template"
 	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
@@ -1106,3 +1107,41 @@ func TestDiffLine_GetExpandDirection(t *testing.T) {
 		assert.Equal(t, c.direction, c.diffLine.GetExpandDirection(), "case %s expected direction: %s", c.name, c.direction)
 	}
 }
+
+func TestHighlightCodeLines(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("CharsetDetecting", func(t *testing.T) {
+		diffFile := &DiffFile{
+			Name:     "a.c",
+			Language: "c",
+			Sections: []*DiffSection{
+				{
+					Lines: []*DiffLine{{LeftIdx: 1}},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		ret := highlightCodeLines(diffFile, true, []byte("// abc\xcc def\xcd")) // ISO-8859-1 bytes
+		assert.Equal(t, "<span class=\"c1\">// abcÌ defÍ\n</span>", string(ret[0]))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("LeftLines", func(t *testing.T) {
+		diffFile := &DiffFile{
+			Name:     "a.c",
+			Language: "c",
+			Sections: []*DiffSection{
+				{
+					Lines: []*DiffLine{
+						{LeftIdx: 1},
+						{LeftIdx: 2},
+						{LeftIdx: 3},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+		}
+		const nl = "\n"
+		ret := highlightCodeLines(diffFile, true, []byte("a\nb\n"))
+		assert.Equal(t, map[int]template.HTML{
+			0: `<span class="n">a</span>` + nl,
+			1: `<span class="n">b</span>`,
+		}, ret)
+	})
+}
diff --git a/services/gitdiff/highlightdiff_test.go b/services/gitdiff/highlightdiff_test.go
index aebe38ae7c..0df2e29d13 100644
--- a/services/gitdiff/highlightdiff_test.go
+++ b/services/gitdiff/highlightdiff_test.go
@@ -25,12 +25,12 @@ func TestDiffWithHighlight(t *testing.T) {
 
 	t.Run("CleanUp", func(t *testing.T) {
 		hcd := newHighlightCodeDiff()
-		codeA := template.HTML(`<span class="cm>this is a comment</span>`)
-		codeB := template.HTML(`<span class="cm>this is updated comment</span>`)
+		codeA := template.HTML(`<span class="cm">this is a comment</span>`)
+		codeB := template.HTML(`<span class="cm">this is updated comment</span>`)
 		outDel := hcd.diffLineWithHighlight(DiffLineDel, codeA, codeB)
-		assert.Equal(t, `<span class="cm>this is <span class="removed-code">a</span> comment</span>`, string(outDel))
+		assert.Equal(t, `<span class="cm">this is <span class="removed-code">a</span> comment</span>`, string(outDel))
 		outAdd := hcd.diffLineWithHighlight(DiffLineAdd, codeA, codeB)
-		assert.Equal(t, `<span class="cm>this is <span class="added-code">updated</span> comment</span>`, string(outAdd))
+		assert.Equal(t, `<span class="cm">this is <span class="added-code">updated</span> comment</span>`, string(outAdd))
 	})
 
 	t.Run("OpenCloseTags", func(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/services/mailer/sender/sender.go b/services/mailer/sender/sender.go
index e470c2f2b3..30c6feaf7a 100644
--- a/services/mailer/sender/sender.go
+++ b/services/mailer/sender/sender.go
@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@
 package sender
 
 import (
+	"errors"
 	"io"
-
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 )
 
 type Sender interface {
@@ -16,23 +14,18 @@ type Sender interface {
 
 var Send = send
 
-func send(sender Sender, msgs ...*Message) error {
-	if setting.MailService == nil {
-		log.Error("Mailer: Send is being invoked but mail service hasn't been initialized")
-		return nil
+func send(sender Sender, msg *Message) error {
+	m := msg.ToMessage()
+	froms := m.GetFrom()
+	to, err := m.GetRecipients()
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
 	}
-	for _, msg := range msgs {
-		m := msg.ToMessage()
-		froms := m.GetFrom()
-		to, err := m.GetRecipients()
-		if err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
 
-		// TODO: implement sending from multiple addresses
-		if err := sender.Send(froms[0].Address, to, m); err != nil {
-			return err
-		}
+	// TODO: implement sending from multiple addresses
+	if len(froms) == 0 {
+		// FIXME: no idea why sometimes the "froms" can be empty, need to figure out the root problem
+		return errors.New("no FROM specified")
 	}
-	return nil
+	return sender.Send(froms[0].Address, to, m)
 }
diff --git a/services/markup/renderhelper_codepreview_test.go b/services/markup/renderhelper_codepreview_test.go
index 63e7f4d3bd..6665f0d009 100644
--- a/services/markup/renderhelper_codepreview_test.go
+++ b/services/markup/renderhelper_codepreview_test.go
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ func TestRenderHelperCodePreview(t *testing.T) {
 				<td class="lines-code chroma"><div class="code-inner"><span class="gh"># repo1</div></td>
 			</tr><tr>
 				<td class="lines-num"><span data-line-number="2"></span></td>
-				<td class="lines-code chroma"><div class="code-inner"></span><span class="gh"></span></div></td>
+				<td class="lines-code chroma"><div class="code-inner"></span></div></td>
 			</tr></tbody>
 	</table>
 </div>
diff --git a/services/migrations/dump.go b/services/migrations/dump.go
index f9309e5e6a..b1c5695854 100644
--- a/services/migrations/dump.go
+++ b/services/migrations/dump.go
@@ -306,14 +306,15 @@ func (g *RepositoryDumper) CreateReleases(_ context.Context, releases ...*base.R
 						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
+						defer rc.Close()
 					} else {
 						resp, err := http.Get(*asset.DownloadURL)
 						if err != nil {
 							return err
 						}
+						defer resp.Body.Close()
 						rc = resp.Body
 					}
-					defer rc.Close()
 
 					fw, err := os.Create(attachPath)
 					if err != nil {
diff --git a/services/migrations/gitea_downloader_test.go b/services/migrations/gitea_downloader_test.go
index bb1760e889..fb985ee9d5 100644
--- a/services/migrations/gitea_downloader_test.go
+++ b/services/migrations/gitea_downloader_test.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ func TestGiteaDownloadRepo(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil || resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 		t.Skipf("Can't reach https://gitea.com, skipping %s", t.Name())
 	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	ctx := t.Context()
 	downloader, err := NewGiteaDownloader(ctx, "https://gitea.com", "gitea/test_repo", "", "", giteaToken)
 	require.NoError(t, err, "NewGiteaDownloader error occur")
diff --git a/services/migrations/gitlab_test.go b/services/migrations/gitlab_test.go
index a9ae89a2a3..fef1053ec8 100644
--- a/services/migrations/gitlab_test.go
+++ b/services/migrations/gitlab_test.go
@@ -30,6 +30,7 @@ func TestGitlabDownloadRepo(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil || resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 		t.Skipf("Can't access test repo, skipping %s", t.Name())
 	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	ctx := t.Context()
 	downloader, err := NewGitlabDownloader(ctx, "https://gitlab.com", "gitea/test_repo", gitlabPersonalAccessToken)
 	if err != nil {
diff --git a/services/migrations/gogs_test.go b/services/migrations/gogs_test.go
index 503b669f8e..de7351b5bf 100644
--- a/services/migrations/gogs_test.go
+++ b/services/migrations/gogs_test.go
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ func TestGogsDownloadRepo(t *testing.T) {
 		t.Skipf("visit test repo failed, ignored")
 		return
 	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
 	ctx := t.Context()
 	downloader := NewGogsDownloader(ctx, "https://try.gogs.io", "", "", gogsPersonalAccessToken, "lunnytest", "TESTREPO")
 	repo, err := downloader.GetRepoInfo(ctx)
diff --git a/services/migrations/migrate.go b/services/migrations/migrate.go
index eba9c79df5..bd7e52cc3d 100644
--- a/services/migrations/migrate.go
+++ b/services/migrations/migrate.go
@@ -16,6 +16,7 @@ import (
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	system_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/system"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/hostmatcher"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
@@ -327,6 +328,9 @@ func migrateRepository(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, downloader ba
 		messenger("repo.migrate.migrating_issues")
 		issueBatchSize := uploader.MaxBatchInsertSize("issue")
 
+		// because when the migrating is running, some issues maybe removed, so after the next page
+		// some of issue maybe duplicated, so we need to record the inserted issue indexes
+		mapInsertedIssueIndexes := container.Set[int64]{}
 		for i := 1; ; i++ {
 			issues, isEnd, err := downloader.GetIssues(ctx, i, issueBatchSize)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -336,6 +340,14 @@ func migrateRepository(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, downloader ba
 				log.Warn("migrating issues is not supported, ignored")
 				break
 			}
+			for i := 0; i < len(issues); i++ {
+				if mapInsertedIssueIndexes.Contains(issues[i].Number) {
+					issues = append(issues[:i], issues[i+1:]...)
+					i--
+					continue
+				}
+				mapInsertedIssueIndexes.Add(issues[i].Number)
+			}
 
 			if err := uploader.CreateIssues(ctx, issues...); err != nil {
 				return err
@@ -381,6 +393,7 @@ func migrateRepository(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, downloader ba
 		log.Trace("migrating pull requests and comments")
 		messenger("repo.migrate.migrating_pulls")
 		prBatchSize := uploader.MaxBatchInsertSize("pullrequest")
+		mapInsertedPRIndexes := container.Set[int64]{}
 		for i := 1; ; i++ {
 			prs, isEnd, err := downloader.GetPullRequests(ctx, i, prBatchSize)
 			if err != nil {
@@ -390,6 +403,14 @@ func migrateRepository(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, downloader ba
 				log.Warn("migrating pull requests is not supported, ignored")
 				break
 			}
+			for i := 0; i < len(prs); i++ {
+				if mapInsertedPRIndexes.Contains(prs[i].Number) {
+					prs = append(prs[:i], prs[i+1:]...)
+					i--
+					continue
+				}
+				mapInsertedPRIndexes.Add(prs[i].Number)
+			}
 
 			if err := uploader.CreatePullRequests(ctx, prs...); err != nil {
 				return err
diff --git a/services/migrations/onedev.go b/services/migrations/onedev.go
index 9917bdae3c..a30e36c8b8 100644
--- a/services/migrations/onedev.go
+++ b/services/migrations/onedev.go
@@ -77,19 +77,19 @@ type OneDevDownloader struct {
 }
 
 // NewOneDevDownloader creates a new downloader
-func NewOneDevDownloader(_ context.Context, baseURL *url.URL, username, password, repoPath string) *OneDevDownloader {
+func NewOneDevDownloader(ctx context.Context, baseURL *url.URL, username, password, repoPath string) *OneDevDownloader {
+	httpTransport := NewMigrationHTTPTransport()
 	downloader := &OneDevDownloader{
 		baseURL:  baseURL,
 		repoPath: repoPath,
 		client: &http.Client{
-			Transport: &http.Transport{
-				Proxy: func(req *http.Request) (*url.URL, error) {
-					if len(username) > 0 && len(password) > 0 {
+			Transport: roundTripperFunc(
+				func(req *http.Request) (*http.Response, error) {
+					if username != "" && password != "" {
 						req.SetBasicAuth(username, password)
 					}
-					return nil, nil
-				},
-			},
+					return httpTransport.RoundTrip(req.WithContext(ctx))
+				}),
 		},
 		userMap:      make(map[int64]*onedevUser),
 		milestoneMap: make(map[int64]string),
diff --git a/services/migrations/onedev_test.go b/services/migrations/onedev_test.go
index 3319e19851..9e93272d38 100644
--- a/services/migrations/onedev_test.go
+++ b/services/migrations/onedev_test.go
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ func TestOneDevDownloadRepo(t *testing.T) {
 	if err != nil || resp.StatusCode != http.StatusOK {
 		t.Skipf("Can't access test repo, skipping %s", t.Name())
 	}
+	defer resp.Body.Close()
 
 	u, _ := url.Parse("https://code.onedev.io")
 	ctx := t.Context()
diff --git a/services/mirror/mirror_pull.go b/services/mirror/mirror_pull.go
index da58bbd1b6..f9c40049db 100644
--- a/services/mirror/mirror_pull.go
+++ b/services/mirror/mirror_pull.go
@@ -449,7 +449,7 @@ func SyncPullMirror(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) bool {
 		log.Error("SyncMirrors [repo_id: %v]: unable to GetMirrorByRepoID: %v", repoID, err)
 		return false
 	}
-	_ = m.GetRepository(ctx) // force load repository of mirror
+	repo := m.GetRepository(ctx) // force load repository of mirror
 
 	ctx, _, finished := process.GetManager().AddContext(ctx, fmt.Sprintf("Syncing Mirror %s/%s", m.Repo.OwnerName, m.Repo.Name))
 	defer finished()
@@ -515,12 +515,12 @@ func SyncPullMirror(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) bool {
 		}
 
 		// Push commits
-		oldCommitID, err := git.GetFullCommitID(gitRepo.Ctx, gitRepo.Path, result.oldCommitID)
+		oldCommitID, err := gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, repo, result.oldCommitID)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("SyncMirrors [repo: %-v]: unable to get GetFullCommitID[%s]: %v", m.Repo, result.oldCommitID, err)
 			continue
 		}
-		newCommitID, err := git.GetFullCommitID(gitRepo.Ctx, gitRepo.Path, result.newCommitID)
+		newCommitID, err := gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, repo, result.newCommitID)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("SyncMirrors [repo: %-v]: unable to get GetFullCommitID [%s]: %v", m.Repo, result.newCommitID, err)
 			continue
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ func SyncPullMirror(ctx context.Context, repoID int64) bool {
 	}
 	if !isEmpty {
 		// Get latest commit date and update to current repository updated time
-		commitDate, err := git.GetLatestCommitTime(ctx, m.Repo.RepoPath())
+		commitDate, err := gitrepo.GetLatestCommitTime(ctx, m.Repo)
 		if err != nil {
 			log.Error("SyncMirrors [repo: %-v]: unable to GetLatestCommitDate: %v", m.Repo, err)
 			return false
diff --git a/services/mirror/mirror_push.go b/services/mirror/mirror_push.go
index b61345e830..bae189ba87 100644
--- a/services/mirror/mirror_push.go
+++ b/services/mirror/mirror_push.go
@@ -153,7 +153,7 @@ func runPushSync(ctx context.Context, m *repo_model.PushMirror) error {
 		log.Trace("Pushing %s mirror[%d] remote %s", storageRepo.RelativePath(), m.ID, m.RemoteName)
 
 		envs := proxy.EnvWithProxy(remoteURL.URL)
-		if err := gitrepo.Push(ctx, storageRepo, git.PushOptions{
+		if err := gitrepo.PushToExternal(ctx, storageRepo, git.PushOptions{
 			Remote:  m.RemoteName,
 			Force:   true,
 			Mirror:  true,
diff --git a/services/pull/check.go b/services/pull/check.go
index 5b28ec9658..5978a57aec 100644
--- a/services/pull/check.go
+++ b/services/pull/check.go
@@ -295,7 +295,7 @@ func getMergeCommit(ctx context.Context, pr *issues_model.PullRequest) (*git.Com
 	// If merge-base successfully exits then prHeadRef is an ancestor of pr.BaseBranch
 
 	// Find the head commit id
-	prHeadCommitID, err := git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, pr.BaseRepo.RepoPath(), prHeadRef)
+	prHeadCommitID, err := gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, pr.BaseRepo, prHeadRef)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetFullCommitID(%s) in %s: %w", prHeadRef, pr.BaseRepo.FullName(), err)
 	}
diff --git a/services/pull/compare.go b/services/pull/compare.go
index 2c4b77a772..fbdb17cfdd 100644
--- a/services/pull/compare.go
+++ b/services/pull/compare.go
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ func GetCompareInfo(ctx context.Context, baseRepo, headRepo *repo_model.Reposito
 	)
 
 	// We don't need a temporary remote for same repository.
-	if headGitRepo.Path != baseRepo.RepoPath() {
+	if baseRepo.ID != headRepo.ID {
 		// Add a temporary remote
 		tmpRemote = strconv.FormatInt(time.Now().UnixNano(), 10)
 		if err = gitrepo.GitRemoteAdd(ctx, headRepo, tmpRemote, baseRepo.RepoPath()); err != nil {
@@ -48,14 +48,14 @@ func GetCompareInfo(ctx context.Context, baseRepo, headRepo *repo_model.Reposito
 
 	compareInfo := new(CompareInfo)
 
-	compareInfo.HeadCommitID, err = git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, headGitRepo.Path, headBranch)
+	compareInfo.HeadCommitID, err = gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, headRepo, headBranch)
 	if err != nil {
 		compareInfo.HeadCommitID = headBranch
 	}
 
 	compareInfo.MergeBase, remoteBranch, err = headGitRepo.GetMergeBase(tmpRemote, baseBranch, headBranch)
 	if err == nil {
-		compareInfo.BaseCommitID, err = git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, headGitRepo.Path, remoteBranch)
+		compareInfo.BaseCommitID, err = gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, headRepo, remoteBranch)
 		if err != nil {
 			compareInfo.BaseCommitID = remoteBranch
 		}
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ func GetCompareInfo(ctx context.Context, baseRepo, headRepo *repo_model.Reposito
 		}
 	} else {
 		compareInfo.Commits = []*git.Commit{}
-		compareInfo.MergeBase, err = git.GetFullCommitID(ctx, headGitRepo.Path, remoteBranch)
+		compareInfo.MergeBase, err = gitrepo.GetFullCommitID(ctx, headRepo, remoteBranch)
 		if err != nil {
 			compareInfo.MergeBase = remoteBranch
 		}
diff --git a/services/pull/pull.go b/services/pull/pull.go
index 04f48f0565..ecc0b2c7ce 100644
--- a/services/pull/pull.go
+++ b/services/pull/pull.go
@@ -570,13 +570,11 @@ func pushToBaseRepoHelper(ctx context.Context, pr *issues_model.PullRequest, pre
 		log.Error("Unable to load head repository for PR[%d] Error: %v", pr.ID, err)
 		return err
 	}
-	headRepoPath := pr.HeadRepo.RepoPath()
 
 	if err := pr.LoadBaseRepo(ctx); err != nil {
 		log.Error("Unable to load base repository for PR[%d] Error: %v", pr.ID, err)
 		return err
 	}
-	baseRepoPath := pr.BaseRepo.RepoPath()
 
 	if err = pr.LoadIssue(ctx); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("unable to load issue %d for pr %d: %w", pr.IssueID, pr.ID, err)
@@ -587,8 +585,7 @@ func pushToBaseRepoHelper(ctx context.Context, pr *issues_model.PullRequest, pre
 
 	gitRefName := pr.GetGitHeadRefName()
 
-	if err := git.Push(ctx, headRepoPath, git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: baseRepoPath,
+	if err := gitrepo.Push(ctx, pr.HeadRepo, pr.BaseRepo, git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: prefixHeadBranch + pr.HeadBranch + ":" + gitRefName,
 		Force:  true,
 		// Use InternalPushingEnvironment here because we know that pre-receive and post-receive do not run on a refs/pulls/...
diff --git a/services/release/notes.go b/services/release/notes.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c9dc75af70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/release/notes.go
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package release
+
+import (
+	"cmp"
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"slices"
+	"strings"
+
+	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/container"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
+)
+
+// GenerateReleaseNotesOptions describes how to build release notes content.
+type GenerateReleaseNotesOptions struct {
+	TagName     string
+	TagTarget   string
+	PreviousTag string
+}
+
+// GenerateReleaseNotes builds the markdown snippet for release notes.
+func GenerateReleaseNotes(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, gitRepo *git.Repository, opts GenerateReleaseNotesOptions) (string, error) {
+	headCommit, err := resolveHeadCommit(gitRepo, opts.TagName, opts.TagTarget)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	if opts.PreviousTag == "" {
+		// no previous tag, usually due to there is no tag in the repo, use the same content as GitHub
+		content := fmt.Sprintf("**Full Changelog**: %s/commits/tag/%s\n", repo.HTMLURL(ctx), util.PathEscapeSegments(opts.TagName))
+		return content, nil
+	}
+
+	baseCommit, err := gitRepo.GetCommit(opts.PreviousTag)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", util.ErrorWrapTranslatable(util.ErrNotExist, "repo.release.generate_notes_tag_not_found", opts.TagName)
+	}
+
+	commits, err := gitRepo.CommitsBetweenIDs(headCommit.ID.String(), baseCommit.ID.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("CommitsBetweenIDs: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	prs, err := collectPullRequestsFromCommits(ctx, repo.ID, commits)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	contributors, newContributors, err := collectContributors(ctx, repo.ID, prs)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	content := buildReleaseNotesContent(ctx, repo, opts.TagName, opts.PreviousTag, prs, contributors, newContributors)
+	return content, nil
+}
+
+func resolveHeadCommit(gitRepo *git.Repository, tagName, tagTarget string) (*git.Commit, error) {
+	ref := tagName
+	if !gitRepo.IsTagExist(tagName) {
+		ref = tagTarget
+	}
+
+	commit, err := gitRepo.GetCommit(ref)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, util.ErrorWrapTranslatable(util.ErrNotExist, "repo.release.generate_notes_target_not_found", ref)
+	}
+	return commit, nil
+}
+
+func collectPullRequestsFromCommits(ctx context.Context, repoID int64, commits []*git.Commit) ([]*issues_model.PullRequest, error) {
+	prs := make([]*issues_model.PullRequest, 0, len(commits))
+
+	for _, commit := range commits {
+		pr, err := issues_model.GetPullRequestByMergedCommit(ctx, repoID, commit.ID.String())
+		if err != nil {
+			if issues_model.IsErrPullRequestNotExist(err) {
+				continue
+			}
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("GetPullRequestByMergedCommit: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		if err = pr.LoadIssue(ctx); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("LoadIssue: %w", err)
+		}
+		if err = pr.Issue.LoadAttributes(ctx); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("LoadIssueAttributes: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		prs = append(prs, pr)
+	}
+
+	slices.SortFunc(prs, func(a, b *issues_model.PullRequest) int {
+		if cmpRes := cmp.Compare(b.MergedUnix, a.MergedUnix); cmpRes != 0 {
+			return cmpRes
+		}
+		return cmp.Compare(b.Issue.Index, a.Issue.Index)
+	})
+
+	return prs, nil
+}
+
+func buildReleaseNotesContent(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, tagName, baseRef string, prs []*issues_model.PullRequest, contributors []*user_model.User, newContributors []*issues_model.PullRequest) string {
+	var builder strings.Builder
+	builder.WriteString("## What's Changed\n")
+
+	for _, pr := range prs {
+		prURL := pr.Issue.HTMLURL(ctx)
+		builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("* %s in [#%d](%s)\n", pr.Issue.Title, pr.Issue.Index, prURL))
+	}
+
+	builder.WriteString("\n")
+
+	if len(contributors) > 0 {
+		builder.WriteString("## Contributors\n")
+		for _, contributor := range contributors {
+			builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("* @%s\n", contributor.Name))
+		}
+		builder.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+
+	if len(newContributors) > 0 {
+		builder.WriteString("## New Contributors\n")
+		for _, contributor := range newContributors {
+			prURL := contributor.Issue.HTMLURL(ctx)
+			builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("* @%s made their first contribution in [#%d](%s)\n", contributor.Issue.Poster.Name, contributor.Issue.Index, prURL))
+		}
+		builder.WriteString("\n")
+	}
+
+	builder.WriteString("**Full Changelog**: ")
+	compareURL := fmt.Sprintf("%s/compare/%s...%s", repo.HTMLURL(ctx), util.PathEscapeSegments(baseRef), util.PathEscapeSegments(tagName))
+	builder.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("[%s...%s](%s)", baseRef, tagName, compareURL))
+	builder.WriteByte('\n')
+	return builder.String()
+}
+
+func collectContributors(ctx context.Context, repoID int64, prs []*issues_model.PullRequest) ([]*user_model.User, []*issues_model.PullRequest, error) {
+	contributors := make([]*user_model.User, 0, len(prs))
+	newContributors := make([]*issues_model.PullRequest, 0, len(prs))
+	seenContributors := container.Set[int64]{}
+	seenNew := container.Set[int64]{}
+
+	for _, pr := range prs {
+		poster := pr.Issue.Poster
+		posterID := poster.ID
+
+		if posterID == 0 {
+			// Migrated PRs may not have a linked local user (PosterID == 0). Skip them for now.
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if !seenContributors.Contains(posterID) {
+			contributors = append(contributors, poster)
+			seenContributors.Add(posterID)
+		}
+
+		if seenNew.Contains(posterID) {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		isFirst, err := isFirstContribution(ctx, repoID, posterID, pr)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, err
+		}
+		if isFirst {
+			seenNew.Add(posterID)
+			newContributors = append(newContributors, pr)
+		}
+	}
+
+	return contributors, newContributors, nil
+}
+
+func isFirstContribution(ctx context.Context, repoID, posterID int64, pr *issues_model.PullRequest) (bool, error) {
+	hasMergedBefore, err := issues_model.HasMergedPullRequestInRepoBefore(ctx, repoID, posterID, pr.MergedUnix, pr.ID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, fmt.Errorf("check merged PRs for contributor: %w", err)
+	}
+	return !hasMergedBefore, nil
+}
diff --git a/services/release/notes_test.go b/services/release/notes_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..211c364deb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/services/release/notes_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package release
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/db"
+	issues_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/issues"
+	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
+	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/timeutil"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestGenerateReleaseNotes(t *testing.T) {
+	unittest.PrepareTestEnv(t)
+
+	repo := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &repo_model.Repository{ID: 1})
+	gitRepo, err := gitrepo.OpenRepository(t.Context(), repo)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Run("ChangeLogsWithPRs", func(t *testing.T) {
+		mergedCommit := "90c1019714259b24fb81711d4416ac0f18667dfa"
+		createMergedPullRequest(t, repo, mergedCommit, 5)
+
+		content, err := GenerateReleaseNotes(t.Context(), repo, gitRepo, GenerateReleaseNotesOptions{
+			TagName:     "v1.2.0",
+			TagTarget:   "DefaultBranch",
+			PreviousTag: "v1.1",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+
+		assert.Equal(t, `## What's Changed
+* Release notes test pull request in [#6](https://try.gitea.io/user2/repo1/pulls/6)
+
+## Contributors
+* @user5
+
+## New Contributors
+* @user5 made their first contribution in [#6](https://try.gitea.io/user2/repo1/pulls/6)
+
+**Full Changelog**: [v1.1...v1.2.0](https://try.gitea.io/user2/repo1/compare/v1.1...v1.2.0)
+`, content)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("NoPreviousTag", func(t *testing.T) {
+		content, err := GenerateReleaseNotes(t.Context(), repo, gitRepo, GenerateReleaseNotesOptions{
+			TagName:   "v1.2.0",
+			TagTarget: "DefaultBranch",
+		})
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		assert.Equal(t, "**Full Changelog**: https://try.gitea.io/user2/repo1/commits/tag/v1.2.0\n", content)
+	})
+}
+
+func createMergedPullRequest(t *testing.T, repo *repo_model.Repository, mergeCommit string, posterID int64) *issues_model.PullRequest {
+	user := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: posterID})
+
+	issue := &issues_model.Issue{
+		RepoID:   repo.ID,
+		Repo:     repo,
+		Poster:   user,
+		PosterID: user.ID,
+		Title:    "Release notes test pull request",
+		Content:  "content",
+	}
+
+	pr := &issues_model.PullRequest{
+		HeadRepoID: repo.ID,
+		BaseRepoID: repo.ID,
+		HeadBranch: repo.DefaultBranch,
+		BaseBranch: repo.DefaultBranch,
+		Status:     issues_model.PullRequestStatusMergeable,
+		Flow:       issues_model.PullRequestFlowGithub,
+	}
+
+	require.NoError(t, issues_model.NewPullRequest(t.Context(), repo, issue, nil, nil, pr))
+
+	pr.HasMerged = true
+	pr.MergedCommitID = mergeCommit
+	pr.MergedUnix = timeutil.TimeStampNow()
+	_, err := db.GetEngine(t.Context()).
+		ID(pr.ID).
+		Cols("has_merged", "merged_commit_id", "merged_unix").
+		Update(pr)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	require.NoError(t, pr.LoadIssue(t.Context()))
+	require.NoError(t, pr.Issue.LoadAttributes(t.Context()))
+	return pr
+}
diff --git a/services/repository/branch.go b/services/repository/branch.go
index 0a2fd30620..142073eabe 100644
--- a/services/repository/branch.go
+++ b/services/repository/branch.go
@@ -385,8 +385,7 @@ func CreateNewBranchFromCommit(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, repo
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := git.Push(ctx, repo.RepoPath(), git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: repo.RepoPath(),
+	if err := gitrepo.Push(ctx, repo, repo, git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s%s", commitID, git.BranchPrefix, branchName),
 		Env:    repo_module.PushingEnvironment(doer, repo),
 	}); err != nil {
@@ -483,6 +482,63 @@ func RenameBranch(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, doer *user_m
 	return "", nil
 }
 
+// UpdateBranch moves a branch reference to the provided commit. permission check should be done before calling this function.
+func UpdateBranch(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, gitRepo *git.Repository, doer *user_model.User, branchName, newCommitID, expectedOldCommitID string, force bool) error {
+	branch, err := git_model.GetBranch(ctx, repo.ID, branchName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if branch.IsDeleted {
+		return git_model.ErrBranchNotExist{
+			BranchName: branchName,
+		}
+	}
+
+	if expectedOldCommitID != "" {
+		expectedID, err := gitRepo.ConvertToGitID(expectedOldCommitID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("ConvertToGitID(old): %w", err)
+		}
+		if expectedID.String() != branch.CommitID {
+			return util.NewInvalidArgumentErrorf("branch commit does not match [expected: %s, given: %s]", expectedID.String(), branch.CommitID)
+		}
+	}
+
+	newID, err := gitRepo.ConvertToGitID(newCommitID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("ConvertToGitID(new): %w", err)
+	}
+	newCommit, err := gitRepo.GetCommit(newID.String())
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	if newCommit.ID.String() == branch.CommitID {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	isForcePush, err := newCommit.IsForcePush(branch.CommitID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if isForcePush && !force {
+		return util.NewInvalidArgumentErrorf("Force push %s need a confirm force parameter", branchName)
+	}
+
+	pushOpts := git.PushOptions{
+		Branch: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s%s", newCommit.ID.String(), git.BranchPrefix, branchName),
+		Env:    repo_module.PushingEnvironment(doer, repo),
+		Force:  isForcePush || force,
+	}
+
+	if expectedOldCommitID != "" {
+		pushOpts.ForceWithLease = fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", git.BranchPrefix+branchName, branch.CommitID)
+	}
+
+	// branch protection will be checked in the pre received hook, so that we don't need any check here
+	return gitrepo.Push(ctx, repo, repo, pushOpts)
+}
+
 var ErrBranchIsDefault = util.ErrorWrap(util.ErrPermissionDenied, "branch is default")
 
 func CanDeleteBranch(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, branchName string, doer *user_model.User) error {
diff --git a/services/repository/create.go b/services/repository/create.go
index 0b57db988b..7439fc8f08 100644
--- a/services/repository/create.go
+++ b/services/repository/create.go
@@ -69,9 +69,10 @@ func prepareRepoCommit(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, tmpDir
 	)
 
 	// Clone to temporary path and do the init commit.
-	if stdout, _, err := gitcmd.NewCommand("clone").AddDynamicArguments(repo.RepoPath(), tmpDir).
-		WithEnv(env).RunStdString(ctx); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Failed to clone from %v into %s: stdout: %s\nError: %v", repo, tmpDir, stdout, err)
+	if err := gitrepo.CloneRepoToLocal(ctx, repo, tmpDir, git.CloneRepoOptions{
+		Env: env,
+	}); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Failed to clone from %v into %s\nError: %v", repo, tmpDir, err)
 		return fmt.Errorf("git clone: %w", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/services/repository/files/patch.go b/services/repository/files/patch.go
index 8fe6bb917b..5361091c90 100644
--- a/services/repository/files/patch.go
+++ b/services/repository/files/patch.go
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ func (opts *ApplyDiffPatchOptions) Validate(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_mode
 			}
 		}
 		if protectedBranch != nil && protectedBranch.RequireSignedCommits {
-			_, _, _, err := asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, repo.RepoPath(), doer, repo.RepoPath(), opts.OldBranch)
+			_, _, _, err := asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, doer, repo.RepoPath(), opts.OldBranch)
 			if err != nil {
 				if !asymkey_service.IsErrWontSign(err) {
 					return err
diff --git a/services/repository/files/temp_repo.go b/services/repository/files/temp_repo.go
index 731f23855d..cb39abfd6e 100644
--- a/services/repository/files/temp_repo.go
+++ b/services/repository/files/temp_repo.go
@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
@@ -54,12 +55,11 @@ func (t *TemporaryUploadRepository) Close() {
 
 // Clone the base repository to our path and set branch as the HEAD
 func (t *TemporaryUploadRepository) Clone(ctx context.Context, branch string, bare bool) error {
-	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("clone", "-s", "-b").AddDynamicArguments(branch, t.repo.RepoPath(), t.basePath)
-	if bare {
-		cmd.AddArguments("--bare")
-	}
-
-	if _, _, err := cmd.RunStdString(ctx); err != nil {
+	if err := gitrepo.CloneRepoToLocal(ctx, t.repo, t.basePath, git.CloneRepoOptions{
+		Bare:   bare,
+		Branch: branch,
+		Shared: true,
+	}); err != nil {
 		stderr := err.Error()
 		if matched, _ := regexp.MatchString(".*Remote branch .* not found in upstream origin.*", stderr); matched {
 			return git.ErrBranchNotExist{
@@ -303,9 +303,9 @@ func (t *TemporaryUploadRepository) CommitTree(ctx context.Context, opts *Commit
 	var key *git.SigningKey
 	var signer *git.Signature
 	if opts.ParentCommitID != "" {
-		sign, key, signer, _ = asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, t.repo.RepoPath(), opts.DoerUser, t.basePath, opts.ParentCommitID)
+		sign, key, signer, _ = asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, opts.DoerUser, t.basePath, opts.ParentCommitID)
 	} else {
-		sign, key, signer, _ = asymkey_service.SignInitialCommit(ctx, t.repo.RepoPath(), opts.DoerUser)
+		sign, key, signer, _ = asymkey_service.SignInitialCommit(ctx, opts.DoerUser)
 	}
 	if sign {
 		if key.Format != "" {
@@ -362,8 +362,7 @@ func (t *TemporaryUploadRepository) CommitTree(ctx context.Context, opts *Commit
 func (t *TemporaryUploadRepository) Push(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, commitHash, branch string, force bool) error {
 	// Because calls hooks we need to pass in the environment
 	env := repo_module.PushingEnvironment(doer, t.repo)
-	if err := git.Push(ctx, t.basePath, git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: t.repo.RepoPath(),
+	if err := gitrepo.PushFromLocal(ctx, t.basePath, t.repo, git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: strings.TrimSpace(commitHash) + ":" + git.BranchPrefix + strings.TrimSpace(branch),
 		Env:    env,
 		Force:  force,
diff --git a/services/repository/files/update.go b/services/repository/files/update.go
index 4830f711fc..967c4d928e 100644
--- a/services/repository/files/update.go
+++ b/services/repository/files/update.go
@@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ func VerifyBranchProtection(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, do
 			}
 		}
 		if protectedBranch.RequireSignedCommits {
-			_, _, _, err := asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, repo.RepoPath(), doer, repo.RepoPath(), branchName)
+			_, _, _, err := asymkey_service.SignCRUDAction(ctx, doer, repo.RepoPath(), branchName)
 			if err != nil {
 				if !asymkey_service.IsErrWontSign(err) {
 					return err
diff --git a/services/repository/fork.go b/services/repository/fork.go
index 2380666afb..f92af65605 100644
--- a/services/repository/fork.go
+++ b/services/repository/fork.go
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unit"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git/gitcmd"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
@@ -147,15 +146,16 @@ func ForkRepository(ctx context.Context, doer, owner *user_model.User, opts Fork
 	}
 
 	// 3 - Clone the repository
-	cloneCmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("clone", "--bare")
-	if opts.SingleBranch != "" {
-		cloneCmd.AddArguments("--single-branch", "--branch").AddDynamicArguments(opts.SingleBranch)
+	cloneOpts := git.CloneRepoOptions{
+		Bare:    true,
+		Timeout: 10 * time.Minute,
 	}
-	var stdout []byte
-	if stdout, _, err = cloneCmd.AddDynamicArguments(opts.BaseRepo.RepoPath(), repo.RepoPath()).
-		WithTimeout(10 * time.Minute).
-		RunStdBytes(ctx); err != nil {
-		log.Error("Fork Repository (git clone) Failed for %v (from %v):\nStdout: %s\nError: %v", repo, opts.BaseRepo, stdout, err)
+	if opts.SingleBranch != "" {
+		cloneOpts.SingleBranch = true
+		cloneOpts.Branch = opts.SingleBranch
+	}
+	if err = gitrepo.Clone(ctx, opts.BaseRepo, repo, cloneOpts); err != nil {
+		log.Error("Fork Repository (git clone) Failed for %v (from %v):\nError: %v", repo, opts.BaseRepo, err)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("git clone: %w", err)
 	}
 
diff --git a/services/repository/generate.go b/services/repository/generate.go
index caf15265a0..b2913cd110 100644
--- a/services/repository/generate.go
+++ b/services/repository/generate.go
@@ -177,7 +177,7 @@ func substGiteaTemplateFile(ctx context.Context, tmpDir, tmpDirSubPath string, t
 	}
 
 	generatedContent := generateExpansion(ctx, string(content), templateRepo, generateRepo)
-	substSubPath := filepath.Clean(filePathSanitize(generateExpansion(ctx, tmpDirSubPath, templateRepo, generateRepo)))
+	substSubPath := filePathSanitize(generateExpansion(ctx, tmpDirSubPath, templateRepo, generateRepo))
 	newLocalPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, substSubPath)
 	regular, err := util.IsRegularFile(newLocalPath)
 	if canWrite := regular || errors.Is(err, fs.ErrNotExist); !canWrite {
@@ -230,8 +230,7 @@ func generateRepoCommit(ctx context.Context, repo, templateRepo, generateRepo *r
 	)
 
 	// Clone to temporary path and do the init commit.
-	templateRepoPath := templateRepo.RepoPath()
-	if err := git.Clone(ctx, templateRepoPath, tmpDir, git.CloneRepoOptions{
+	if err := gitrepo.CloneRepoToLocal(ctx, templateRepo, tmpDir, git.CloneRepoOptions{
 		Depth:  1,
 		Branch: templateRepo.DefaultBranch,
 	}); err != nil {
@@ -359,5 +358,5 @@ func filePathSanitize(s string) string {
 		}
 		fields[i] = field
 	}
-	return filepath.FromSlash(strings.Join(fields, "/"))
+	return filepath.Clean(filepath.FromSlash(strings.Trim(strings.Join(fields, "/"), "/")))
 }
diff --git a/services/repository/generate_test.go b/services/repository/generate_test.go
index 9c01911ded..432de4dc59 100644
--- a/services/repository/generate_test.go
+++ b/services/repository/generate_test.go
@@ -54,19 +54,24 @@ text/*.txt
 }
 
 func TestFilePathSanitize(t *testing.T) {
-	assert.Equal(t, "test_CON", filePathSanitize("test_CON"))
-	assert.Equal(t, "test CON", filePathSanitize("test CON "))
-	assert.Equal(t, "__/traverse/__", filePathSanitize(".. /traverse/ .."))
-	assert.Equal(t, "./__/a/_git/b_", filePathSanitize("./../a/.git/ b: "))
+	// path clean
+	assert.Equal(t, "a", filePathSanitize("//a/"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "_a", filePathSanitize(`\a`))
+	assert.Equal(t, "__/a/__", filePathSanitize(".. /a/ .."))
+	assert.Equal(t, "__/a/_git/b_", filePathSanitize("./../a/.git/ b: "))
+
+	// Windows reserved names
 	assert.Equal(t, "_", filePathSanitize("CoN"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "_", filePathSanitize("LpT1"))
 	assert.Equal(t, "_", filePathSanitize("CoM1"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test_CON", filePathSanitize("test_CON"))
+	assert.Equal(t, "test CON", filePathSanitize("test CON "))
+
+	// special chars
 	assert.Equal(t, "_", filePathSanitize("\u0000"))
-	assert.Equal(t, "目标", filePathSanitize("目标"))
-	// unlike filepath.Clean, it only sanitizes, doesn't change the separator layout
-	assert.Equal(t, "", filePathSanitize("")) //nolint:testifylint // for easy reading
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", filePathSanitize(""))
 	assert.Equal(t, ".", filePathSanitize("."))
-	assert.Equal(t, "/", filePathSanitize("/"))
+	assert.Equal(t, ".", filePathSanitize("/"))
 }
 
 func TestProcessGiteaTemplateFile(t *testing.T) {
diff --git a/services/repository/init.go b/services/repository/init.go
index 8d9decf811..51cc113d63 100644
--- a/services/repository/init.go
+++ b/services/repository/init.go
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ func initRepoCommit(ctx context.Context, tmpPath string, repo *repo_model.Reposi
 	cmd := gitcmd.NewCommand("commit", "--message=Initial commit").
 		AddOptionFormat("--author='%s <%s>'", sig.Name, sig.Email)
 
-	sign, key, signer, _ := asymkey_service.SignInitialCommit(ctx, tmpPath, u)
+	sign, key, signer, _ := asymkey_service.SignInitialCommit(ctx, u)
 	if sign {
 		if key.Format != "" {
 			cmd.AddConfig("gpg.format", key.Format)
diff --git a/services/repository/merge_upstream.go b/services/repository/merge_upstream.go
index 8d6f11372c..692b801303 100644
--- a/services/repository/merge_upstream.go
+++ b/services/repository/merge_upstream.go
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import (
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	user_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/user"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/gitrepo"
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/reqctx"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
@@ -33,8 +34,7 @@ func MergeUpstream(ctx reqctx.RequestContext, doer *user_model.User, repo *repo_
 		return "up-to-date", nil
 	}
 
-	err = git.Push(ctx, repo.BaseRepo.RepoPath(), git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: repo.RepoPath(),
+	err = gitrepo.Push(ctx, repo.BaseRepo, repo, git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s", divergingInfo.BaseBranchName, branch),
 		Env:    repo_module.PushingEnvironment(doer, repo),
 	})
diff --git a/services/repository/migrate.go b/services/repository/migrate.go
index acac6fd9ad..8f515326ad 100644
--- a/services/repository/migrate.go
+++ b/services/repository/migrate.go
@@ -74,8 +74,6 @@ func MigrateRepositoryGitData(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User,
 	repo *repo_model.Repository, opts migration.MigrateOptions,
 	httpTransport *http.Transport,
 ) (*repo_model.Repository, error) {
-	repoPath := repo.RepoPath()
-
 	if u.IsOrganization() {
 		t, err := organization.OrgFromUser(u).GetOwnerTeam(ctx)
 		if err != nil {
@@ -92,7 +90,7 @@ func MigrateRepositoryGitData(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User,
 		return repo, fmt.Errorf("failed to remove existing repo dir %q, err: %w", repo.FullName(), err)
 	}
 
-	if err := git.Clone(ctx, opts.CloneAddr, repoPath, git.CloneRepoOptions{
+	if err := gitrepo.CloneExternalRepo(ctx, opts.CloneAddr, repo, git.CloneRepoOptions{
 		Mirror:        true,
 		Quiet:         true,
 		Timeout:       migrateTimeout,
@@ -104,7 +102,7 @@ func MigrateRepositoryGitData(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User,
 		return repo, fmt.Errorf("clone error: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := git.WriteCommitGraph(ctx, repoPath); err != nil {
+	if err := gitrepo.WriteCommitGraph(ctx, repo); err != nil {
 		return repo, err
 	}
 
diff --git a/services/repository/repository.go b/services/repository/repository.go
index acc5ce56cf..4d07cb0e38 100644
--- a/services/repository/repository.go
+++ b/services/repository/repository.go
@@ -7,8 +7,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"os"
-	"path/filepath"
 	"strings"
 
 	activities_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/activities"
@@ -28,7 +26,6 @@ import (
 	repo_module "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/repository"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/util"
 	notify_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/notify"
 	pull_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/pull"
 )
@@ -251,9 +248,8 @@ func CheckDaemonExportOK(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository) error
 	}
 
 	// Create/Remove git-daemon-export-ok for git-daemon...
-	daemonExportFile := filepath.Join(repo.RepoPath(), `git-daemon-export-ok`)
-
-	isExist, err := util.IsExist(daemonExportFile)
+	daemonExportFile := `git-daemon-export-ok`
+	isExist, err := gitrepo.IsRepoFileExist(ctx, repo, daemonExportFile)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", daemonExportFile, err)
 		return err
@@ -261,11 +257,11 @@ func CheckDaemonExportOK(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository) error
 
 	isPublic := !repo.IsPrivate && repo.Owner.Visibility == structs.VisibleTypePublic
 	if !isPublic && isExist {
-		if err = util.Remove(daemonExportFile); err != nil {
+		if err = gitrepo.RemoveRepoFileOrDir(ctx, repo, daemonExportFile); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to remove %s: %v", daemonExportFile, err)
 		}
 	} else if isPublic && !isExist {
-		if f, err := os.Create(daemonExportFile); err != nil {
+		if f, err := gitrepo.CreateRepoFile(ctx, repo, daemonExportFile); err != nil {
 			log.Error("Failed to create %s: %v", daemonExportFile, err)
 		} else {
 			f.Close()
@@ -345,3 +341,31 @@ func HasWiki(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository) bool {
 	}
 	return hasWiki && err == nil
 }
+
+// CheckCreateRepository check if doer could create a repository in new owner
+func CheckCreateRepository(ctx context.Context, doer, owner *user_model.User, name string, overwriteOrAdopt bool) error {
+	if !doer.CanCreateRepoIn(owner) {
+		return repo_model.ErrReachLimitOfRepo{Limit: owner.MaxRepoCreation}
+	}
+
+	if err := repo_model.IsUsableRepoName(name); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+
+	has, err := repo_model.IsRepositoryModelExist(ctx, owner, name)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	} else if has {
+		return repo_model.ErrRepoAlreadyExist{Uname: owner.Name, Name: name}
+	}
+	repo := repo_model.StorageRepo(repo_model.RelativePath(owner.Name, name))
+	isExist, err := gitrepo.IsRepositoryExist(ctx, repo)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Error("Unable to check if %s exists. Error: %v", repo.RelativePath(), err)
+		return err
+	}
+	if !overwriteOrAdopt && isExist {
+		return repo_model.ErrRepoFilesAlreadyExist{Uname: owner.Name, Name: name}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
diff --git a/services/repository/transfer.go b/services/repository/transfer.go
index 98307a447a..af477fc7f1 100644
--- a/services/repository/transfer.go
+++ b/services/repository/transfer.go
@@ -90,6 +90,17 @@ func AcceptTransferOwnership(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, d
 	return nil
 }
 
+// isRepositoryModelOrDirExist returns true if the repository with given name under user has already existed.
+func isRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx context.Context, u *user_model.User, repoName string) (bool, error) {
+	has, err := repo_model.IsRepositoryModelExist(ctx, u, repoName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return false, err
+	}
+	repo := repo_model.StorageRepo(repo_model.RelativePath(u.Name, repoName))
+	isExist, err := gitrepo.IsRepositoryExist(ctx, repo)
+	return has || isExist, err
+}
+
 // transferOwnership transfers all corresponding repository items from old user to new one.
 func transferOwnership(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, newOwnerName string, repo *repo_model.Repository, teams []*organization.Team) (err error) {
 	repoRenamed := false
@@ -143,7 +154,7 @@ func transferOwnership(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, newOwnerName
 	newOwnerName = newOwner.Name // ensure capitalisation matches
 
 	// Check if new owner has repository with same name.
-	if has, err := repo_model.IsRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx, newOwner, repo.Name); err != nil {
+	if has, err := isRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx, newOwner, repo.Name); err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("IsRepositoryExist: %w", err)
 	} else if has {
 		return repo_model.ErrRepoAlreadyExist{
@@ -345,7 +356,7 @@ func changeRepositoryName(ctx context.Context, repo *repo_model.Repository, newR
 		return err
 	}
 
-	has, err := repo_model.IsRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx, repo.Owner, newRepoName)
+	has, err := isRepositoryModelOrDirExist(ctx, repo.Owner, newRepoName)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("IsRepositoryExist: %w", err)
 	} else if has {
diff --git a/services/wiki/wiki.go b/services/wiki/wiki.go
index 6a57a9a63e..5f74817ef3 100644
--- a/services/wiki/wiki.go
+++ b/services/wiki/wiki.go
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ import (
 	repo_service "code.gitea.io/gitea/services/repository"
 )
 
-const DefaultRemote = "origin"
-
 func getWikiWorkingLockKey(repoID int64) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("wiki_working_%d", repoID)
 }
@@ -214,8 +212,7 @@ func updateWikiPage(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, repo *repo_model
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := git.Push(gitRepo.Ctx, basePath, git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: DefaultRemote,
+	if err := gitrepo.PushFromLocal(gitRepo.Ctx, basePath, repo.WikiStorageRepo(), git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s%s", commitHash.String(), git.BranchPrefix, repo.DefaultWikiBranch),
 		Env: repo_module.FullPushingEnvironment(
 			doer,
@@ -333,8 +330,7 @@ func DeleteWikiPage(ctx context.Context, doer *user_model.User, repo *repo_model
 		return err
 	}
 
-	if err := git.Push(gitRepo.Ctx, basePath, git.PushOptions{
-		Remote: DefaultRemote,
+	if err := gitrepo.PushFromLocal(gitRepo.Ctx, basePath, repo.WikiStorageRepo(), git.PushOptions{
 		Branch: fmt.Sprintf("%s:%s%s", commitHash.String(), git.BranchPrefix, repo.DefaultWikiBranch),
 		Env: repo_module.FullPushingEnvironment(
 			doer,
diff --git a/templates/package/content/pypi.tmpl b/templates/package/content/pypi.tmpl
index 2625c160fe..15d8971eaa 100644
--- a/templates/package/content/pypi.tmpl
+++ b/templates/package/content/pypi.tmpl
@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@
 		<div class="ui form">
 			<div class="field">
 				<label>{{svg "octicon-terminal"}} {{ctx.Locale.Tr "packages.pypi.install"}}</label>
-				<div class="markup"><pre class="code-block"><code>pip install --index-url <origin-url data-url="{{AppSubUrl}}/api/packages/{{.PackageDescriptor.Owner.Name}}/pypi/simple/"></origin-url> --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/ {{.PackageDescriptor.Package.Name}}</code></pre></div>
+				<div class="markup"><pre class="code-block"><code>pip install --index-url <origin-url data-url="{{AppSubUrl}}/api/packages/{{.PackageDescriptor.Owner.Name}}/pypi/simple/"></origin-url> --extra-index-url https://pypi.org/simple {{.PackageDescriptor.Package.Name}}</code></pre></div>
 			</div>
 			<div class="field">
 				<label>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "packages.registry.documentation" "PyPI" "https://docs.gitea.com/usage/packages/pypi/"}}</label>
diff --git a/templates/repo/blame.tmpl b/templates/repo/blame.tmpl
index c4d9f0741f..9cd4b2a122 100644
--- a/templates/repo/blame.tmpl
+++ b/templates/repo/blame.tmpl
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@
 			<table>
 				<tbody>
 					{{range $row := .BlameRows}}
-						<tr class="{{if and (gt $.CommitCnt 1) ($row.CommitMessage)}}top-line-blame{{end}}">
+						<tr class="{{if $row.CommitURL}}top-line-blame{{end}}">
 							<td class="lines-commit">
 								<div class="blame-info">
 									<div class="blame-data">
diff --git a/templates/repo/issue/view_content/comments.tmpl b/templates/repo/issue/view_content/comments.tmpl
index 089cdf2ccd..6d23186d08 100644
--- a/templates/repo/issue/view_content/comments.tmpl
+++ b/templates/repo/issue/view_content/comments.tmpl
@@ -96,7 +96,7 @@
 			</div>
 		{{else if eq .Type 2}}
 			<div class="timeline-item event" id="{{.HashTag}}">
-				<span class="badge tw-bg-red tw-text-white">{{svg "octicon-circle-slash"}}</span>
+				<span class="badge tw-bg-red tw-text-white">{{svg "octicon-issue-closed"}}</span>
 				{{if not .OriginalAuthor}}
 					{{template "shared/user/avatarlink" dict "user" .Poster}}
 				{{end}}
diff --git a/templates/repo/release/new.tmpl b/templates/repo/release/new.tmpl
index 109a18fa0e..44f496e73d 100644
--- a/templates/repo/release/new.tmpl
+++ b/templates/repo/release/new.tmpl
@@ -12,17 +12,25 @@
 			{{end}}
 		</h2>
 		{{template "base/alert" .}}
-		<form class="ui form" action="{{.Link}}" method="post">
+
+		<form class="ui form" action="{{.Link}}" method="post" data-global-init="initReleaseEditForm"
+			data-existing-tags="{{JsonUtils.EncodeToString .Tags}}"
+			data-tag-helper="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper"}}"
+			data-tag-helper-new="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper_new"}}"
+			data-tag-helper-existing="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper_existing"}}"
+		>
 			{{.CsrfTokenHtml}}
-			<div class="ui seven wide target">
-				<div class="inline field {{if .Err_TagName}}error{{end}}">
-					{{if .PageIsEditRelease}}
-						<b>{{.tag_name}}</b><span class="at">@</span><strong>{{.tag_target}}</strong>
-					{{else}}
-						<input id="tag-name" name="tag_name" value="{{.tag_name}}" aria-label="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_name"}}" placeholder="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_name"}}" autofocus required maxlength="255">
-						<input id="tag-name-editor" type="hidden" data-existing-tags="{{JsonUtils.EncodeToString .Tags}}" data-tag-helper="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper"}}" data-tag-helper-new="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper_new"}}" data-tag-helper-existing="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper_existing"}}">
-						<div id="tag-target-selector" class="tw-inline-block">
-							<span class="at">@</span>
+			<div class="inline field {{if .Err_TagName}}error{{end}}">
+				<label class="tw-block tw-mb-1"><b>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.git_tag"}}</b></label>
+				{{if .PageIsEditRelease}}
+					<input type="hidden" name="tag_name" value="{{.tag_name}}">
+					<input type="hidden" name="tag_target" value="{{.tag_target}}">
+					<span>{{.tag_name}} @ {{.tag_target}}</span>
+				{{else}}
+					<div class="flex-text-block tw-flex-wrap">
+						<input type="text" class="tw-w-auto" name="tag_name" value="{{.tag_name}}" aria-label="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_name"}}" placeholder="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_name"}}" autofocus required maxlength="255">
+						<div class="tag-target-selector tw-contents">
+							<span>@</span>
 							<div class="ui selection dropdown">
 								<input type="hidden" name="tag_target" value="{{.tag_target}}">
 								{{svg "octicon-git-branch"}}
@@ -38,102 +46,118 @@
 								</div>
 							</div>
 						</div>
-						<div>
-							<span id="tag-helper" class="help tw-mt-2 tw-pb-0">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper"}}</span>
-						</div>
-					{{end}}
-				</div>
+					</div>
+					<div>
+						<span class="help tag-name-helper tw-pb-0">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.tag_helper"}}</span>
+					</div>
+				{{end}}
 			</div>
-			<div class="eleven wide tw-pt-0">
-				<div class="field {{if .Err_Title}}error{{end}}">
-					<input name="title" aria-label="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.title"}}" placeholder="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.title"}}" value="{{.title}}" autofocus maxlength="255">
+
+			<div class="field {{if .Err_Title}}error{{end}}">
+				<label><b>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.title"}}</b></label>
+				<input name="title" aria-label="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.title"}}" placeholder="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.title"}}" value="{{.title}}" autofocus maxlength="255">
+			</div>
+
+			<div class="field">
+				<label><b>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.notes"}}</b></label>
+				<button type="button" class="ui small compact button generate-release-notes"
+					data-generate-url="{{.RepoLink}}/releases/generate-notes"
+					data-tooltip-content="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.generate_notes_desc"}}"
+					data-text-missing-tag="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.generate_notes_missing_tag"}}"
+				>
+					{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.generate_notes"}}
+				</button>
+			</div>
+			<div class="field">
+				{{template "shared/combomarkdowneditor" (dict
+					"MarkdownPreviewInRepo" $.Repository
+					"MarkdownPreviewMode" "comment"
+					"TextareaName" "content"
+					"TextareaContent" .content
+					"TextareaPlaceholder" (ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.message")
+					"DropzoneParentContainer" "form"
+				)}}
+			</div>
+
+			{{range .attachments}}
+				<div class="field flex-text-block" id="attachment-{{.ID}}">
+					<div class="flex-text-block tw-flex-1">
+						<input name="attachment-edit-{{.UUID}}" class="tw-max-w-[48em]" required value="{{.Name}}">
+						<input name="attachment-del-{{.UUID}}" type="hidden" value="false">
+						<span class="text grey tw-flex-shrink-0">{{.Size | FileSize}}</span>
+						<span data-tooltip-content="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.download_count" (ctx.Locale.PrettyNumber .DownloadCount)}}">
+							{{svg "octicon-info"}}
+						</span>
+					</div>
+					<a class="ui mini compact red button" data-global-click="onReleaseEditAttachmentDelete"  data-id="{{.ID}}" data-uuid="{{.UUID}}">
+						{{ctx.Locale.Tr "remove"}}
+					</a>
 				</div>
+			{{end}}
+			{{if .IsAttachmentEnabled}}
 				<div class="field">
-					{{template "shared/combomarkdowneditor" (dict
-						"MarkdownPreviewInRepo" $.Repository
-						"MarkdownPreviewMode" "comment"
-						"TextareaName" "content"
-						"TextareaContent" .content
-						"TextareaPlaceholder" (ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.message")
-						"DropzoneParentContainer" "form"
-					)}}
+					{{template "repo/upload" .}}
 				</div>
-				{{range .attachments}}
-					<div class="field flex-text-block" id="attachment-{{.ID}}">
-						<div class="flex-text-inline tw-flex-1">
-							<input name="attachment-edit-{{.UUID}}"  class="attachment_edit" required value="{{.Name}}">
-							<input name="attachment-del-{{.UUID}}" type="hidden" value="false">
-							<span class="ui text grey tw-whitespace-nowrap">{{.Size | FileSize}}</span>
-							<span data-tooltip-content="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.download_count" (ctx.Locale.PrettyNumber .DownloadCount)}}">
-								{{svg "octicon-info"}}
-							</span>
-						</div>
-						<a class="ui mini compact red button remove-rel-attach" data-id="{{.ID}}" data-uuid="{{.UUID}}">
-							{{ctx.Locale.Tr "remove"}}
-						</a>
+			{{end}}
+
+			{{if not .PageIsEditRelease}}
+				<div class="field">
+					<div class="ui checkbox">
+						<input type="checkbox" name="add_tag_msg">
+						<label><strong>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.add_tag_msg"}}</strong></label>
 					</div>
-				{{end}}
-				{{if .IsAttachmentEnabled}}
-					<div class="field">
-						{{template "repo/upload" .}}
-					</div>
-				{{end}}
+				</div>
+			{{else}}
+				<input type="hidden" name="add_tag_msg" value="false">
+			{{end}}
+
+			<div class="field">
+				<div class="ui checkbox">
+					<input type="checkbox" name="prerelease" {{if .prerelease}}checked{{end}}>
+					<label><strong>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.prerelease_desc"}}</strong></label>
+				</div>
+				<div class="help tw-block tw-ml-[21px]">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.prerelease_helper"}}</div>
 			</div>
-			<div class="divider"></div>
-			<div class="ui">
-				<div>
-					{{if not .PageIsEditRelease}}
-						<div class="tag-message field">
-							<div class="ui checkbox">
-								<input type="checkbox" name="add_tag_msg">
-								<label><strong>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.add_tag_msg"}}</strong></label>
-							</div>
-						</div>
+
+			<div class="flex-text-block tw-justify-end">
+				{{if .PageIsEditRelease}}
+					<a class="ui small button" href="{{.RepoLink}}/releases">
+						{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.cancel"}}
+					</a>
+					<a class="ui small red button link-action"
+						data-modal-confirm-header="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.deletion"}}" data-modal-confirm-content="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.deletion_desc"}}"
+						data-url="{{$.RepoLink}}/releases/delete?id={{.ID}}">
+						{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.delete_release"}}
+					</a>
+					{{if .IsDraft}}
+						<button class="ui small button" type="submit" name="draft" value="1">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.save_draft"}}</button>
+						<button class="ui small primary button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.publish"}}</button>
 					{{else}}
-						<input type="hidden" name="add_tag_msg" value="false">
+						<button class="ui small primary button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.edit_release"}}</button>
 					{{end}}
-					<div class="prerelease field">
-						<div class="ui checkbox">
-							<input type="checkbox" name="prerelease" {{if .prerelease}}checked{{end}}>
-							<label><strong>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.prerelease_desc"}}</strong></label>
-						</div>
-					</div>
-					<span class="help">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.prerelease_helper"}}</span>
-					<div class="divider tw-mt-0"></div>
-					<div class="flex-text-block tw-justify-end">
-						{{if .PageIsEditRelease}}
-							<a class="ui small button" href="{{.RepoLink}}/releases">
-								{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.cancel"}}
-							</a>
-							<a class="ui small red button link-action" data-modal-confirm="#repo-release-delete-modal" data-url="{{$.RepoLink}}/releases/delete?id={{.ID}}">
-								{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.delete_release"}}
-							</a>
-							{{if .IsDraft}}
-								<button class="ui small button" type="submit" name="draft" value="1">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.save_draft"}}</button>
-								<button class="ui small primary button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.publish"}}</button>
-							{{else}}
-								<button class="ui small primary button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.edit_release"}}</button>
-							{{end}}
-						{{else}}
-							{{if .ShowCreateTagOnlyButton}}
-								<button class="ui small button" name="tag_only" value="1">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.add_tag"}}</button>
-							{{end}}
-							<button class="ui small button" name="draft" value="1">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.save_draft"}}</button>
-							<button class="ui small primary button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.publish"}}</button>
-						{{end}}
-					</div>
-				</div>
+				{{else}}
+					{{if .ShowCreateTagOnlyButton}}
+						<button class="ui small button" name="tag_only" value="1">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.add_tag"}}</button>
+					{{end}}
+					<button class="ui small button" name="draft" value="1">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.save_draft"}}</button>
+					<button class="ui small primary button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.publish"}}</button>
+				{{end}}
 			</div>
 		</form>
 	</div>
 </div>
 
-{{if .PageIsEditRelease}}
-	<div class="ui small modal" id="repo-release-delete-modal">
-		<div class="header">{{svg "octicon-trash"}} {{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.deletion"}}</div>
-		<div class="content"><p>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.deletion_desc"}}</p></div>
-		{{template "base/modal_actions_confirm" .}}
+<div id="generate-release-notes-modal" class="ui mini modal">
+	<div class="content ui form">
+		<p>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.generate_notes_desc"}}</p>
+		<div class="field">
+			<label>{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.previous_tag"}}</label>
+			<select name="previous_tag" class="ui selection dropdown"></select>
+		</div>
+		<div class="actions">
+			<button class="ui primary ok button">{{ctx.Locale.Tr "repo.release.generate_notes"}}</button>
+		</div>
 	</div>
-{{end}}
+</div>
 
 {{template "base/footer" .}}
diff --git a/templates/repo/view_file.tmpl b/templates/repo/view_file.tmpl
index 8fce1b6f2c..809b1e9677 100644
--- a/templates/repo/view_file.tmpl
+++ b/templates/repo/view_file.tmpl
@@ -62,7 +62,7 @@
 					{{if not .IsDisplayingSource}}data-raw-file-link="{{$.RawFileLink}}"{{end}}
 					data-tooltip-content="{{if .CanCopyContent}}{{ctx.Locale.Tr "copy_content"}}{{else}}{{ctx.Locale.Tr "copy_type_unsupported"}}{{end}}"
 				>{{svg "octicon-copy"}}</a>
-				{{if .EnableFeed}}
+				{{if and .EnableFeed .RefFullName.IsBranch}}
 				<a class="btn-octicon" href="{{$.RepoLink}}/rss/{{$.RefTypeNameSubURL}}/{{PathEscapeSegments .TreePath}}" data-tooltip-content="{{ctx.Locale.Tr "rss_feed"}}">
 					{{svg "octicon-rss"}}
 				</a>
diff --git a/templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl b/templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl
index 0cefa6795f..056e05ae4d 100644
--- a/templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl
+++ b/templates/swagger/v1_json.tmpl
@@ -781,6 +781,60 @@
             "description": "page size of results",
             "name": "limit",
             "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "sort users by attribute. Supported values are \"name\", \"created\", \"updated\" and \"id\". Default is \"name\"",
+            "name": "sort",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "sort order, either \"asc\" (ascending) or \"desc\" (descending). Default is \"asc\", ignored if \"sort\" is not specified.",
+            "name": "order",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "search term (username, full name, email)",
+            "name": "q",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "visibility filter. Supported values are \"public\", \"limited\" and \"private\".",
+            "name": "visibility",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "filter active users",
+            "name": "is_active",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "filter admin users",
+            "name": "is_admin",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "filter restricted users",
+            "name": "is_restricted",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "filter 2FA enabled users",
+            "name": "is_2fa_enabled",
+            "in": "query"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "boolean",
+            "description": "filter login prohibited users",
+            "name": "is_prohibit_login",
+            "in": "query"
           }
         ],
         "responses": {
@@ -789,6 +843,9 @@
           },
           "403": {
             "$ref": "#/responses/forbidden"
+          },
+          "422": {
+            "$ref": "#/responses/validationError"
           }
         }
       },
@@ -6750,6 +6807,66 @@
           }
         }
       },
+      "put": {
+        "consumes": [
+          "application/json"
+        ],
+        "produces": [
+          "application/json"
+        ],
+        "tags": [
+          "repository"
+        ],
+        "summary": "Update a branch reference to a new commit",
+        "operationId": "repoUpdateBranch",
+        "parameters": [
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "owner of the repo",
+            "name": "owner",
+            "in": "path",
+            "required": true
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "name of the repo",
+            "name": "repo",
+            "in": "path",
+            "required": true
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "string",
+            "description": "name of the branch",
+            "name": "branch",
+            "in": "path",
+            "required": true
+          },
+          {
+            "name": "body",
+            "in": "body",
+            "schema": {
+              "$ref": "#/definitions/UpdateBranchRepoOption"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "responses": {
+          "204": {
+            "$ref": "#/responses/empty"
+          },
+          "403": {
+            "$ref": "#/responses/forbidden"
+          },
+          "404": {
+            "$ref": "#/responses/notFound"
+          },
+          "409": {
+            "$ref": "#/responses/conflict"
+          },
+          "422": {
+            "$ref": "#/responses/validationError"
+          }
+        }
+      },
       "delete": {
         "produces": [
           "application/json"
@@ -28702,6 +28819,31 @@
       },
       "x-go-package": "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
     },
+    "UpdateBranchRepoOption": {
+      "description": "UpdateBranchRepoOption options when updating a branch reference in a repository",
+      "type": "object",
+      "required": [
+        "new_commit_id"
+      ],
+      "properties": {
+        "force": {
+          "description": "Force update even if the change is not a fast-forward",
+          "type": "boolean",
+          "x-go-name": "Force"
+        },
+        "new_commit_id": {
+          "description": "New commit SHA (or any ref) the branch should point to",
+          "type": "string",
+          "x-go-name": "NewCommitID"
+        },
+        "old_commit_id": {
+          "description": "Expected old commit SHA of the branch; if provided it must match the current tip",
+          "type": "string",
+          "x-go-name": "OldCommitID"
+        }
+      },
+      "x-go-package": "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+    },
     "UpdateFileOptions": {
       "description": "UpdateFileOptions options for updating or creating a file\nNote: `author` and `committer` are optional (if only one is given, it will be used for the other, otherwise the authenticated user will be used)",
       "type": "object",
diff --git a/tests/integration/api_actions_permission_test.go b/tests/integration/api_actions_permission_test.go
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..072e2635a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/integration/api_actions_permission_test.go
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+// Copyright 2025 The Gitea Authors. All rights reserved.
+// SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+
+package integration
+
+import (
+	"net/http"
+	"testing"
+
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
+	api "code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/structs"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/tests"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+)
+
+func testActionUserSignIn(t *testing.T) {
+	req := NewRequest(t, "GET", "/api/v1/user").
+		AddTokenAuth("8061e833a55f6fc0157c98b883e91fcfeeb1a71a")
+	resp := MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+
+	var u api.User
+	DecodeJSON(t, resp, &u)
+	assert.Equal(t, "gitea-actions", u.UserName)
+}
+
+func testActionUserAccessPublicRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	req := NewRequestf(t, "GET", "/api/v1/repos/user2/repo1/raw/README.md").
+		AddTokenAuth("8061e833a55f6fc0157c98b883e91fcfeeb1a71a")
+	resp := MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", resp.Header().Get("x-gitea-object-type"))
+
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&setting.Service.RequireSignInViewStrict, true)()
+
+	req = NewRequestf(t, "GET", "/api/v1/repos/user2/repo1/raw/README.md").
+		AddTokenAuth("8061e833a55f6fc0157c98b883e91fcfeeb1a71a")
+	resp = MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+	assert.Equal(t, "file", resp.Header().Get("x-gitea-object-type"))
+}
+
+func testActionUserNoAccessOtherPrivateRepo(t *testing.T) {
+	req := NewRequestf(t, "GET", "/api/v1/repos/user2/repo2/raw/README.md").
+		AddTokenAuth("8061e833a55f6fc0157c98b883e91fcfeeb1a71a")
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound)
+}
+
+func TestActionUserAccessPermission(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+
+	t.Run("ActionUserSignIn", testActionUserSignIn)
+	t.Run("ActionUserAccessPublicRepo", testActionUserAccessPublicRepo)
+	t.Run("ActionUserNoAccessOtherPrivateRepo", testActionUserNoAccessOtherPrivateRepo)
+}
diff --git a/tests/integration/api_activitypub_person_test.go b/tests/integration/api_activitypub_person_test.go
index 6dd219ab2e..3f1bd4823a 100644
--- a/tests/integration/api_activitypub_person_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/api_activitypub_person_test.go
@@ -78,6 +78,7 @@ func TestActivityPubPerson(t *testing.T) {
 
 		// Signed request succeeds
 		resp, err := c.Post([]byte{}, user2inboxurl)
+		defer resp.Body.Close()
 		assert.NoError(t, err)
 		assert.Equal(t, http.StatusNoContent, resp.StatusCode)
 
diff --git a/tests/integration/api_branch_test.go b/tests/integration/api_branch_test.go
index 2147ef9d0d..043aa10c7f 100644
--- a/tests/integration/api_branch_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/api_branch_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,8 @@
 package integration
 
 import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"fmt"
 	"net/http"
 	"net/http/httptest"
 	"net/url"
@@ -243,6 +245,79 @@ func TestAPIRenameBranch(t *testing.T) {
 	})
 }
 
+func TestAPIUpdateBranchReference(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+
+	onGiteaRun(t, func(t *testing.T, giteaURL *url.URL) {
+		ctx := NewAPITestContext(t, "user2", "update-branch", auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteRepository, auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteUser)
+		giteaURL.Path = ctx.GitPath()
+
+		var defaultBranch string
+		t.Run("CreateRepo", doAPICreateRepository(ctx, false, func(t *testing.T, repo api.Repository) {
+			defaultBranch = repo.DefaultBranch
+		}))
+
+		createBranchReq := NewRequestWithJSON(t, "POST", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/repos/%s/%s/branches", ctx.Username, ctx.Reponame), &api.CreateBranchRepoOption{
+			BranchName: "feature",
+			OldRefName: defaultBranch,
+		}).AddTokenAuth(ctx.Token)
+		ctx.Session.MakeRequest(t, createBranchReq, http.StatusCreated)
+
+		var featureInitialCommit string
+		t.Run("LoadFeatureBranch", doAPIGetBranch(ctx, "feature", func(t *testing.T, branch api.Branch) {
+			featureInitialCommit = branch.Commit.ID
+			assert.NotEmpty(t, featureInitialCommit)
+		}))
+
+		content := base64.StdEncoding.EncodeToString([]byte("branch update test"))
+		var newCommit string
+		doAPICreateFile(ctx, "docs/update.txt", &api.CreateFileOptions{
+			FileOptions: api.FileOptions{
+				BranchName:    defaultBranch,
+				NewBranchName: defaultBranch,
+				Message:       "add docs/update.txt",
+			},
+			ContentBase64: content,
+		}, func(t *testing.T, resp api.FileResponse) {
+			newCommit = resp.Commit.SHA
+			assert.NotEmpty(t, newCommit)
+		})(t)
+
+		updateReq := NewRequestWithJSON(t, "PUT", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/repos/%s/%s/branches/%s", ctx.Username, ctx.Reponame, "feature"), &api.UpdateBranchRepoOption{
+			NewCommitID: newCommit,
+			OldCommitID: featureInitialCommit,
+		}).AddTokenAuth(ctx.Token)
+		ctx.Session.MakeRequest(t, updateReq, http.StatusNoContent)
+
+		t.Run("FastForwardApplied", doAPIGetBranch(ctx, "feature", func(t *testing.T, branch api.Branch) {
+			assert.Equal(t, newCommit, branch.Commit.ID)
+		}))
+
+		staleReq := NewRequestWithJSON(t, "PUT", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/repos/%s/%s/branches/%s", ctx.Username, ctx.Reponame, "feature"), &api.UpdateBranchRepoOption{
+			NewCommitID: newCommit,
+			OldCommitID: featureInitialCommit,
+		}).AddTokenAuth(ctx.Token)
+		ctx.Session.MakeRequest(t, staleReq, http.StatusUnprocessableEntity)
+
+		nonFFReq := NewRequestWithJSON(t, "PUT", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/repos/%s/%s/branches/%s", ctx.Username, ctx.Reponame, "feature"), &api.UpdateBranchRepoOption{
+			NewCommitID: featureInitialCommit,
+			OldCommitID: newCommit,
+		}).AddTokenAuth(ctx.Token)
+		ctx.Session.MakeRequest(t, nonFFReq, http.StatusUnprocessableEntity)
+
+		forceReq := NewRequestWithJSON(t, "PUT", fmt.Sprintf("/api/v1/repos/%s/%s/branches/%s", ctx.Username, ctx.Reponame, "feature"), &api.UpdateBranchRepoOption{
+			NewCommitID: featureInitialCommit,
+			OldCommitID: newCommit,
+			Force:       true,
+		}).AddTokenAuth(ctx.Token)
+		ctx.Session.MakeRequest(t, forceReq, http.StatusNoContent)
+
+		t.Run("ForceApplied", doAPIGetBranch(ctx, "feature", func(t *testing.T, branch api.Branch) {
+			assert.Equal(t, featureInitialCommit, branch.Commit.ID)
+		}))
+	})
+}
+
 func testAPIRenameBranch(t *testing.T, doerName, ownerName, repoName, from, to string, expectedHTTPStatus int) *httptest.ResponseRecorder {
 	token := getUserToken(t, doerName, auth_model.AccessTokenScopeWriteRepository)
 	req := NewRequestWithJSON(t, "PATCH", "api/v1/repos/"+ownerName+"/"+repoName+"/branches/"+from, &api.RenameBranchRepoOption{
diff --git a/tests/integration/api_packages_generic_test.go b/tests/integration/api_packages_generic_test.go
index ae0506d48b..5e368967ee 100644
--- a/tests/integration/api_packages_generic_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/api_packages_generic_test.go
@@ -163,6 +163,7 @@ func TestPackageGeneric(t *testing.T) {
 
 			resp2, err := (&http.Client{}).Get(location)
 			assert.NoError(t, err)
+			defer resp2.Body.Close()
 			assert.Equal(t, http.StatusOK, resp2.StatusCode, location)
 
 			body, err := io.ReadAll(resp2.Body)
diff --git a/tests/integration/attachment_test.go b/tests/integration/attachment_test.go
index 44aaee09f8..18efde7214 100644
--- a/tests/integration/attachment_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/attachment_test.go
@@ -7,17 +7,23 @@ import (
 	"bytes"
 	"image"
 	"image/png"
+	"io/fs"
 	"mime/multipart"
 	"net/http"
+	"os"
 	"strings"
 	"testing"
 
 	repo_model "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/repo"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/storage"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/test"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/web"
+	route_web "code.gitea.io/gitea/routers/web"
+	"code.gitea.io/gitea/services/context"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/tests"
 
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 )
 
 func testGeneratePngBytes() []byte {
@@ -52,14 +58,38 @@ func testCreateIssueAttachment(t *testing.T, session *TestSession, csrf, repoURL
 	return obj["uuid"]
 }
 
-func TestCreateAnonymousAttachment(t *testing.T) {
+func TestAttachments(t *testing.T) {
 	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+	t.Run("CreateAnonymousAttachment", testCreateAnonymousAttachment)
+	t.Run("CreateUser2IssueAttachment", testCreateUser2IssueAttachment)
+	t.Run("UploadAttachmentDeleteTemp", testUploadAttachmentDeleteTemp)
+	t.Run("GetAttachment", testGetAttachment)
+}
+
+func testUploadAttachmentDeleteTemp(t *testing.T) {
+	session := loginUser(t, "user2")
+	countTmpFile := func() int {
+		// TODO: GOLANG-HTTP-TMPDIR: Golang saves the uploaded file to os.TempDir() when it exceeds the max memory limit.
+		files, err := fs.Glob(os.DirFS(os.TempDir()), "multipart-*") //nolint:usetesting // Golang's "http" package's behavior
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		return len(files)
+	}
+	var tmpFileCountDuringUpload int
+	defer test.MockVariableValue(&context.ParseMultipartFormMaxMemory, 1)()
+	defer web.RouteMock(route_web.RouterMockPointBeforeWebRoutes, func(resp http.ResponseWriter, req *http.Request) {
+		tmpFileCountDuringUpload = countTmpFile()
+	})()
+	_ = testCreateIssueAttachment(t, session, GetUserCSRFToken(t, session), "user2/repo1", "image.png", testGeneratePngBytes(), http.StatusOK)
+	assert.Equal(t, 1, tmpFileCountDuringUpload, "the temp file should exist when uploaded size exceeds the parse form's max memory")
+	assert.Equal(t, 0, countTmpFile(), "the temp file should be deleted after upload")
+}
+
+func testCreateAnonymousAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	session := emptyTestSession(t)
 	testCreateIssueAttachment(t, session, GetAnonymousCSRFToken(t, session), "user2/repo1", "image.png", testGeneratePngBytes(), http.StatusSeeOther)
 }
 
-func TestCreateIssueAttachment(t *testing.T) {
-	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+func testCreateUser2IssueAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	const repoURL = "user2/repo1"
 	session := loginUser(t, "user2")
 	uuid := testCreateIssueAttachment(t, session, GetUserCSRFToken(t, session), repoURL, "image.png", testGeneratePngBytes(), http.StatusOK)
@@ -90,8 +120,7 @@ func TestCreateIssueAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
 }
 
-func TestGetAttachment(t *testing.T) {
-	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+func testGetAttachment(t *testing.T) {
 	adminSession := loginUser(t, "user1")
 	user2Session := loginUser(t, "user2")
 	user8Session := loginUser(t, "user8")
diff --git a/tests/integration/migration-test/migration_test.go b/tests/integration/migration-test/migration_test.go
index 5fa7cbbfb7..2659c5c53d 100644
--- a/tests/integration/migration-test/migration_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/migration-test/migration_test.go
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 package migrations
 
 import (
+	"bytes"
 	"compress/gzip"
 	"context"
 	"database/sql"
@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ import (
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/migrations"
 	migrate_base "code.gitea.io/gitea/models/migrations/base"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/models/unittest"
-	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/charset"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/git"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/log"
 	"code.gitea.io/gitea/modules/setting"
@@ -108,11 +108,11 @@ func readSQLFromFile(version string) (string, error) {
 	}
 	defer gr.Close()
 
-	bytes, err := io.ReadAll(gr)
+	buf, err := io.ReadAll(gr)
 	if err != nil {
 		return "", err
 	}
-	return string(charset.MaybeRemoveBOM(bytes, charset.ConvertOpts{})), nil
+	return string(bytes.TrimPrefix(buf, []byte{'\xef', '\xbb', '\xbf'})), nil
 }
 
 func restoreOldDB(t *testing.T, version string) {
diff --git a/tests/integration/user_test.go b/tests/integration/user_test.go
index 34692d9cab..54b372dd16 100644
--- a/tests/integration/user_test.go
+++ b/tests/integration/user_test.go
@@ -45,6 +45,78 @@ func TestRenameUsername(t *testing.T) {
 	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: "user2"})
 }
 
+func TestViewLimitedAndPrivateUserAndRename(t *testing.T) {
+	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
+
+	// user 22 is a limited visibility org
+	org22 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 22})
+	req := NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+org22.Name)
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound)
+
+	session := loginUser(t, "user1")
+	oldName := org22.Name
+	newName := "org22_renamed"
+	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/org/"+oldName+"/settings/rename", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf":        GetUserCSRFToken(t, session),
+		"org_name":     oldName,
+		"new_org_name": newName,
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: newName})
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: oldName})
+
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+oldName)
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound) // anonymous user cannot visit limited visibility org via old name
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+oldName)
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusTemporaryRedirect) // login user can visit limited visibility org via old name
+
+	// org 23 is a private visibility org
+	org23 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 23})
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+org23.Name)
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound)
+
+	oldName = org23.Name
+	newName = "org23_renamed"
+	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/org/"+oldName+"/settings/rename", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf":        GetUserCSRFToken(t, session),
+		"org_name":     oldName,
+		"new_org_name": newName,
+	})
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusOK)
+
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: newName})
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: oldName})
+
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+oldName)
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound) // anonymous user cannot visit limited visibility org via old name
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+oldName)
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusTemporaryRedirect) // login user can visit limited visibility org via old name
+
+	// user 31 is a private visibility user
+	user31 := unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{ID: 31})
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+user31.Name)
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound)
+
+	oldName = user31.Name
+	newName = "user31_renamed"
+	session2 := loginUser(t, oldName)
+	req = NewRequestWithValues(t, "POST", "/user/settings", map[string]string{
+		"_csrf":      GetUserCSRFToken(t, session2),
+		"name":       newName,
+		"visibility": "2", // private
+	})
+	session2.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusSeeOther)
+
+	unittest.AssertExistsAndLoadBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: newName})
+	unittest.AssertNotExistsBean(t, &user_model.User{Name: oldName})
+
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+oldName)
+	MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusNotFound) // anonymous user cannot visit private visibility user via old name
+	req = NewRequest(t, "GET", "/"+oldName)
+	session.MakeRequest(t, req, http.StatusTemporaryRedirect) // login user2 can visit private visibility user via old name
+}
+
 func TestRenameInvalidUsername(t *testing.T) {
 	defer tests.PrepareTestEnv(t)()
 
diff --git a/web_src/css/base.css b/web_src/css/base.css
index be28cd6fea..36b3d118ae 100644
--- a/web_src/css/base.css
+++ b/web_src/css/base.css
@@ -39,6 +39,8 @@
 
   --gap-inline: 0.25rem; /* gap for inline texts and elements, for example: the spaces for sentence with labels, button text, etc */
   --gap-block: 0.5rem; /* gap for element blocks, for example: spaces between buttons, menu image & title, header icon & title etc */
+
+  --background-view-image: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAG0lEQVQYlWN4+vTpf3SMDTAMBYXYBLFpHgoKAeiOf0SGE9kbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC") right bottom var(--color-primary-light-7);
 }
 
 @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1200px) {
@@ -917,7 +919,7 @@ overflow-menu .ui.label {
 .blame-avatar {
   display: flex;
   align-items: center;
-  margin-right: 4px;
+  margin-right: 6px;
 }
 
 tr.top-line-blame {
diff --git a/web_src/css/features/imagediff.css b/web_src/css/features/imagediff.css
index ad3165e8d8..d32a2098ca 100644
--- a/web_src/css/features/imagediff.css
+++ b/web_src/css/features/imagediff.css
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 
 .image-diff-container img {
   border: 1px solid var(--color-primary-light-7);
-  background: url("data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAAoAAAAKCAYAAACNMs+9AAAAG0lEQVQYlWN4+vTpf3SMDTAMBYXYBLFpHgoKAeiOf0SGE9kbAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC") right bottom var(--color-primary-light-7);
+  background: var(--background-view-image);
 }
 
 .image-diff-container .before-container {
diff --git a/web_src/css/repo/file-view.css b/web_src/css/repo/file-view.css
index 907f136afe..3f1c42a4a1 100644
--- a/web_src/css/repo/file-view.css
+++ b/web_src/css/repo/file-view.css
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@
 .view-raw img[src$=".svg" i] {
   max-height: 600px !important;
   max-width: 600px !important;
+  background: var(--background-view-image);
 }
 
 .file-view-render-container {
diff --git a/web_src/css/repo/release-tag.css b/web_src/css/repo/release-tag.css
index 4b42c992ef..85c368f54a 100644
--- a/web_src/css/repo/release-tag.css
+++ b/web_src/css/repo/release-tag.css
@@ -95,46 +95,3 @@
   font-size: 18px;
   font-weight: var(--font-weight-normal);
 }
-
-.repository.new.release .target {
-  min-width: 500px;
-}
-
-.repository.new.release .target #tag-name {
-  margin-top: -4px;
-}
-
-.repository.new.release .target .at {
-  margin-left: -5px;
-  margin-right: 5px;
-}
-
-.repository.new.release .target .selection.dropdown {
-  padding-top: 10px;
-  padding-bottom: 10px;
-}
-
-.repository.new.release .prerelease.field {
-  margin-bottom: 0;
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 438px) {
-  .repository.new.release .field button,
-  .repository.new.release .field input {
-    width: 100%;
-  }
-}
-
-@media (max-width: 767.98px) {
-  .repository.new.release .field button {
-    margin-bottom: 1em;
-  }
-}
-
-.repository.new.release .field .attachment_edit {
-  max-width: 48em;
-}
-
-.repository.new.release .markup {
-  min-height: 240px;
-}
diff --git a/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeItem.vue b/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeItem.vue
index 9a50adedaa..ce019e655f 100644
--- a/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeItem.vue
+++ b/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeItem.vue
@@ -2,20 +2,10 @@
 import {SvgIcon} from '../svg.ts';
 import {isPlainClick} from '../utils/dom.ts';
 import {shallowRef} from 'vue';
-import {type createViewFileTreeStore} from './ViewFileTreeStore.ts';
-
-export type Item = {
-  entryName: string;
-  entryMode: 'blob' | 'exec' | 'tree' | 'commit' | 'symlink' | 'unknown';
-  entryIcon: string;
-  entryIconOpen: string;
-  fullPath: string;
-  submoduleUrl?: string;
-  children?: Item[];
-};
+import type {createViewFileTreeStore, FileTreeItem} from './ViewFileTreeStore.ts';
 
 const props = defineProps<{
-  item: Item,
+  item: FileTreeItem,
   store: ReturnType<typeof createViewFileTreeStore>
 }>();
 
diff --git a/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeStore.ts b/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeStore.ts
index 2dc8093878..936db07776 100644
--- a/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeStore.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/components/ViewFileTreeStore.ts
@@ -3,11 +3,20 @@ import {GET} from '../modules/fetch.ts';
 import {pathEscapeSegments} from '../utils/url.ts';
 import {createElementFromHTML} from '../utils/dom.ts';
 import {html} from '../utils/html.ts';
-import type {Item} from './ViewFileTreeItem.vue';
+
+export type FileTreeItem = {
+  entryName: string;
+  entryMode: 'blob' | 'exec' | 'tree' | 'commit' | 'symlink' | 'unknown';
+  entryIcon: string;
+  entryIconOpen: string;
+  fullPath: string;
+  submoduleUrl?: string;
+  children?: Array<FileTreeItem>;
+};
 
 export function createViewFileTreeStore(props: {repoLink: string, treePath: string, currentRefNameSubURL: string}) {
   const store = reactive({
-    rootFiles: [] as Array<Item>,
+    rootFiles: [] as Array<FileTreeItem>,
     selectedItem: props.treePath,
 
     async loadChildren(treePath: string, subPath: string = '') {
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/comp/ComboMarkdownEditor.ts b/web_src/js/features/comp/ComboMarkdownEditor.ts
index 9ceb087005..234a96b2af 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/comp/ComboMarkdownEditor.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/comp/ComboMarkdownEditor.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ import {POST} from '../../modules/fetch.ts';
 import {
   EventEditorContentChanged,
   initTextareaMarkdown,
-  textareaInsertText,
+  replaceTextareaSelection,
   triggerEditorContentChanged,
 } from './EditorMarkdown.ts';
 import {DropzoneCustomEventReloadFiles, initDropzone} from '../dropzone.ts';
@@ -273,7 +273,7 @@ export class ComboMarkdownEditor {
       let cols = parseInt(addTablePanel.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('[name=cols]')!.value);
       rows = Math.max(1, Math.min(100, rows));
       cols = Math.max(1, Math.min(100, cols));
-      textareaInsertText(this.textarea, `\n${this.generateMarkdownTable(rows, cols)}\n\n`);
+      replaceTextareaSelection(this.textarea, `\n${this.generateMarkdownTable(rows, cols)}\n\n`);
       addTablePanelTippy.hide();
     });
   }
@@ -410,7 +410,7 @@ export class ComboMarkdownEditor {
   }
 }
 
-export function getComboMarkdownEditor(el: any) {
+export function getComboMarkdownEditor(el: any): ComboMarkdownEditor | null {
   if (!el) return null;
   if (el.length) el = el[0];
   return el._giteaComboMarkdownEditor;
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorMarkdown.ts b/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorMarkdown.ts
index 2240e2f41b..da7bbcfef7 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorMarkdown.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorMarkdown.ts
@@ -4,14 +4,23 @@ export function triggerEditorContentChanged(target: HTMLElement) {
   target.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(EventEditorContentChanged, {bubbles: true}));
 }
 
-export function textareaInsertText(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement, value: string) {
-  const startPos = textarea.selectionStart;
-  const endPos = textarea.selectionEnd;
-  textarea.value = textarea.value.substring(0, startPos) + value + textarea.value.substring(endPos);
-  textarea.selectionStart = startPos;
-  textarea.selectionEnd = startPos + value.length;
+/** replace selected text or insert text by creating a new edit history entry,
+ *  e.g. CTRL-Z works after this */
+export function replaceTextareaSelection(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement, text: string) {
+  const before = textarea.value.slice(0, textarea.selectionStart);
+  const after = textarea.value.slice(textarea.selectionEnd);
+
   textarea.focus();
-  triggerEditorContentChanged(textarea);
+  let success = false;
+  try {
+    success = document.execCommand('insertText', false, text); // eslint-disable-line @typescript-eslint/no-deprecated
+  } catch {}
+
+  // fall back to regular replacement
+  if (!success) {
+    textarea.value = `${before}${text}${after}`;
+    triggerEditorContentChanged(textarea);
+  }
 }
 
 type TextareaValueSelection = {
@@ -176,7 +185,7 @@ export function markdownHandleIndention(tvs: TextareaValueSelection): MarkdownHa
   return {handled: true, valueSelection: {value: linesBuf.lines.join('\n'), selStart: newPos, selEnd: newPos}};
 }
 
-function handleNewline(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement, e: Event) {
+function handleNewline(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement, e: KeyboardEvent) {
   const ret = markdownHandleIndention({value: textarea.value, selStart: textarea.selectionStart, selEnd: textarea.selectionEnd});
   if (!ret.handled || !ret.valueSelection) return; // FIXME: the "handled" seems redundant, only valueSelection is enough (null for unhandled)
   e.preventDefault();
@@ -185,6 +194,28 @@ function handleNewline(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement, e: Event) {
   triggerEditorContentChanged(textarea);
 }
 
+// Keys that act as dead keys will not work because the spec dictates that such keys are
+// emitted as `Dead` in e.key instead of the actual key.
+const pairs = new Map<string, string>([
+  ["'", "'"],
+  ['"', '"'],
+  ['`', '`'],
+  ['(', ')'],
+  ['[', ']'],
+  ['{', '}'],
+  ['<', '>'],
+]);
+
+function handlePairCharacter(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement, e: KeyboardEvent): void {
+  const selStart = textarea.selectionStart;
+  const selEnd = textarea.selectionEnd;
+  if (selEnd === selStart) return; // do not process when no selection
+  e.preventDefault();
+  const inner = textarea.value.substring(selStart, selEnd);
+  replaceTextareaSelection(textarea, `${e.key}${inner}${pairs.get(e.key)}`);
+  textarea.setSelectionRange(selStart + 1, selEnd + 1);
+}
+
 function isTextExpanderShown(textarea: HTMLElement): boolean {
   return Boolean(textarea.closest('text-expander')?.querySelector('.suggestions'));
 }
@@ -198,6 +229,8 @@ export function initTextareaMarkdown(textarea: HTMLTextAreaElement) {
     } else if (e.key === 'Enter' && !e.shiftKey && !e.ctrlKey && !e.metaKey && !e.altKey) {
       // use Enter to insert a new line with the same indention and prefix
       handleNewline(textarea, e);
+    } else if (pairs.has(e.key)) {
+      handlePairCharacter(textarea, e);
     }
   });
 }
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorUpload.ts b/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorUpload.ts
index 92593e7092..6aff4242ba 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorUpload.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/comp/EditorUpload.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import {imageInfo} from '../../utils/image.ts';
-import {textareaInsertText, triggerEditorContentChanged} from './EditorMarkdown.ts';
+import {replaceTextareaSelection, triggerEditorContentChanged} from './EditorMarkdown.ts';
 import {
   DropzoneCustomEventRemovedFile,
   DropzoneCustomEventUploadDone,
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class TextareaEditor {
   }
 
   insertPlaceholder(value: string) {
-    textareaInsertText(this.editor, value);
+    replaceTextareaSelection(this.editor, value);
   }
 
   replacePlaceholder(oldVal: string, newVal: string) {
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/imagediff.ts b/web_src/js/features/imagediff.ts
index 4ace1ca2ad..23f05fbdc7 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/imagediff.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/imagediff.ts
@@ -3,7 +3,33 @@ import {hideElem, loadElem, queryElemChildren, queryElems} from '../utils/dom.ts
 import {parseDom} from '../utils.ts';
 import {fomanticQuery} from '../modules/fomantic/base.ts';
 
-function getDefaultSvgBoundsIfUndefined(text: string, src: string) {
+type ImageContext = {
+  imageBefore: HTMLImageElement | undefined,
+  imageAfter: HTMLImageElement | undefined,
+  sizeBefore: {width: number, height: number},
+  sizeAfter: {width: number, height: number},
+  maxSize: {width: number, height: number},
+  ratio: [number, number, number, number],
+};
+
+type ImageInfo = {
+  path: string | null,
+  mime: string | null,
+  images: NodeListOf<HTMLImageElement>,
+  boundsInfo: HTMLElement | null,
+};
+
+type Bounds = {
+  width: number,
+  height: number,
+} | null;
+
+type SvgBoundsInfo = {
+  before: Bounds,
+  after: Bounds,
+};
+
+function getDefaultSvgBoundsIfUndefined(text: string, src: string): Bounds | null {
   const defaultSize = 300;
   const maxSize = 99999;
 
@@ -38,14 +64,14 @@ function getDefaultSvgBoundsIfUndefined(text: string, src: string) {
   return null;
 }
 
-function createContext(imageAfter: HTMLImageElement, imageBefore: HTMLImageElement) {
+function createContext(imageAfter: HTMLImageElement, imageBefore: HTMLImageElement, svgBoundsInfo: SvgBoundsInfo): ImageContext {
   const sizeAfter = {
-    width: imageAfter?.width || 0,
-    height: imageAfter?.height || 0,
+    width: svgBoundsInfo.after?.width || imageAfter?.width || 0,
+    height: svgBoundsInfo.after?.height || imageAfter?.height || 0,
   };
   const sizeBefore = {
-    width: imageBefore?.width || 0,
-    height: imageBefore?.height || 0,
+    width: svgBoundsInfo.before?.width || imageBefore?.width || 0,
+    height: svgBoundsInfo.before?.height || imageBefore?.height || 0,
   };
   const maxSize = {
     width: Math.max(sizeBefore.width, sizeAfter.width),
@@ -80,7 +106,7 @@ class ImageDiff {
     // the container may be hidden by "viewed" checkbox, so use the parent's width for reference
     this.diffContainerWidth = Math.max(containerEl.closest('.diff-file-box')!.clientWidth - 300, 100);
 
-    const imageInfos = [{
+    const imagePair: [ImageInfo, ImageInfo] = [{
       path: containerEl.getAttribute('data-path-after'),
       mime: containerEl.getAttribute('data-mime-after'),
       images: containerEl.querySelectorAll<HTMLImageElement>('img.image-after'), // matches 3 <img>
@@ -92,7 +118,8 @@ class ImageDiff {
       boundsInfo: containerEl.querySelector('.bounds-info-before'),
     }];
 
-    await Promise.all(imageInfos.map(async (info) => {
+    const svgBoundsInfo: SvgBoundsInfo = {before: null, after: null};
+    await Promise.all(imagePair.map(async (info, index) => {
       const [success] = await Promise.all(Array.from(info.images, (img) => {
         return loadElem(img, info.path!);
       }));
@@ -102,115 +129,112 @@ class ImageDiff {
         const resp = await GET(info.path!);
         const text = await resp.text();
         const bounds = getDefaultSvgBoundsIfUndefined(text, info.path!);
+        svgBoundsInfo[index === 0 ? 'after' : 'before'] = bounds;
         if (bounds) {
-          for (const el of info.images) {
-            el.setAttribute('width', String(bounds.width));
-            el.setAttribute('height', String(bounds.height));
-          }
           hideElem(info.boundsInfo!);
         }
       }
     }));
 
-    const imagesAfter = imageInfos[0].images;
-    const imagesBefore = imageInfos[1].images;
+    const imagesAfter = imagePair[0].images;
+    const imagesBefore = imagePair[1].images;
 
-    this.initSideBySide(createContext(imagesAfter[0], imagesBefore[0]));
+    this.initSideBySide(createContext(imagesAfter[0], imagesBefore[0], svgBoundsInfo));
     if (imagesAfter.length > 0 && imagesBefore.length > 0) {
-      this.initSwipe(createContext(imagesAfter[1], imagesBefore[1]));
-      this.initOverlay(createContext(imagesAfter[2], imagesBefore[2]));
+      this.initSwipe(createContext(imagesAfter[1], imagesBefore[1], svgBoundsInfo));
+      this.initOverlay(createContext(imagesAfter[2], imagesBefore[2], svgBoundsInfo));
     }
     queryElemChildren(containerEl, '.image-diff-tabs', (el) => el.classList.remove('is-loading'));
   }
 
-  initSideBySide(sizes: Record<string, any>) {
+  initSideBySide(ctx: ImageContext) {
     let factor = 1;
-    if (sizes.maxSize.width > (this.diffContainerWidth - 24) / 2) {
-      factor = (this.diffContainerWidth - 24) / 2 / sizes.maxSize.width;
+    if (ctx.maxSize.width > (this.diffContainerWidth - 24) / 2) {
+      factor = (this.diffContainerWidth - 24) / 2 / ctx.maxSize.width;
     }
 
-    const widthChanged = sizes.imageAfter && sizes.imageBefore && sizes.imageAfter.naturalWidth !== sizes.imageBefore.naturalWidth;
-    const heightChanged = sizes.imageAfter && sizes.imageBefore && sizes.imageAfter.naturalHeight !== sizes.imageBefore.naturalHeight;
-    if (sizes.imageAfter) {
+    const widthChanged = ctx.imageAfter && ctx.imageBefore && ctx.imageAfter.naturalWidth !== ctx.imageBefore.naturalWidth;
+    const heightChanged = ctx.imageAfter && ctx.imageBefore && ctx.imageAfter.naturalHeight !== ctx.imageBefore.naturalHeight;
+    if (ctx.imageAfter) {
       const boundsInfoAfterWidth = this.containerEl.querySelector('.bounds-info-after .bounds-info-width');
       if (boundsInfoAfterWidth) {
-        boundsInfoAfterWidth.textContent = `${sizes.imageAfter.naturalWidth}px`;
+        boundsInfoAfterWidth.textContent = `${ctx.imageAfter.naturalWidth}px`;
         boundsInfoAfterWidth.classList.toggle('green', widthChanged);
       }
       const boundsInfoAfterHeight = this.containerEl.querySelector('.bounds-info-after .bounds-info-height');
       if (boundsInfoAfterHeight) {
-        boundsInfoAfterHeight.textContent = `${sizes.imageAfter.naturalHeight}px`;
+        boundsInfoAfterHeight.textContent = `${ctx.imageAfter.naturalHeight}px`;
         boundsInfoAfterHeight.classList.toggle('green', heightChanged);
       }
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageBefore) {
+    if (ctx.imageBefore) {
       const boundsInfoBeforeWidth = this.containerEl.querySelector('.bounds-info-before .bounds-info-width');
       if (boundsInfoBeforeWidth) {
-        boundsInfoBeforeWidth.textContent = `${sizes.imageBefore.naturalWidth}px`;
+        boundsInfoBeforeWidth.textContent = `${ctx.imageBefore.naturalWidth}px`;
         boundsInfoBeforeWidth.classList.toggle('red', widthChanged);
       }
       const boundsInfoBeforeHeight = this.containerEl.querySelector('.bounds-info-before .bounds-info-height');
       if (boundsInfoBeforeHeight) {
-        boundsInfoBeforeHeight.textContent = `${sizes.imageBefore.naturalHeight}px`;
+        boundsInfoBeforeHeight.textContent = `${ctx.imageBefore.naturalHeight}px`;
         boundsInfoBeforeHeight.classList.toggle('red', heightChanged);
       }
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageAfter) {
-      const container = sizes.imageAfter.parentNode;
-      sizes.imageAfter.style.width = `${sizes.sizeAfter.width * factor}px`;
-      sizes.imageAfter.style.height = `${sizes.sizeAfter.height * factor}px`;
+    if (ctx.imageAfter) {
+      const container = ctx.imageAfter.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      ctx.imageAfter.style.width = `${ctx.sizeAfter.width * factor}px`;
+      ctx.imageAfter.style.height = `${ctx.sizeAfter.height * factor}px`;
       container.style.margin = '10px auto';
-      container.style.width = `${sizes.sizeAfter.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      container.style.height = `${sizes.sizeAfter.height * factor + 2}px`;
+      container.style.width = `${ctx.sizeAfter.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      container.style.height = `${ctx.sizeAfter.height * factor + 2}px`;
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageBefore) {
-      const container = sizes.imageBefore.parentNode;
-      sizes.imageBefore.style.width = `${sizes.sizeBefore.width * factor}px`;
-      sizes.imageBefore.style.height = `${sizes.sizeBefore.height * factor}px`;
+    if (ctx.imageBefore) {
+      const container = ctx.imageBefore.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      ctx.imageBefore.style.width = `${ctx.sizeBefore.width * factor}px`;
+      ctx.imageBefore.style.height = `${ctx.sizeBefore.height * factor}px`;
       container.style.margin = '10px auto';
-      container.style.width = `${sizes.sizeBefore.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      container.style.height = `${sizes.sizeBefore.height * factor + 2}px`;
+      container.style.width = `${ctx.sizeBefore.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      container.style.height = `${ctx.sizeBefore.height * factor + 2}px`;
     }
   }
 
-  initSwipe(sizes: Record<string, any>) {
+  initSwipe(ctx: ImageContext) {
     let factor = 1;
-    if (sizes.maxSize.width > this.diffContainerWidth - 12) {
-      factor = (this.diffContainerWidth - 12) / sizes.maxSize.width;
+    if (ctx.maxSize.width > this.diffContainerWidth - 12) {
+      factor = (this.diffContainerWidth - 12) / ctx.maxSize.width;
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageAfter) {
-      const imgParent = sizes.imageAfter.parentNode;
-      const swipeFrame = imgParent.parentNode;
-      sizes.imageAfter.style.width = `${sizes.sizeAfter.width * factor}px`;
-      sizes.imageAfter.style.height = `${sizes.sizeAfter.height * factor}px`;
-      imgParent.style.margin = `0px ${sizes.ratio[0] * factor}px`;
-      imgParent.style.width = `${sizes.sizeAfter.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      imgParent.style.height = `${sizes.sizeAfter.height * factor + 2}px`;
-      swipeFrame.style.padding = `${sizes.ratio[1] * factor}px 0 0 0`;
-      swipeFrame.style.width = `${sizes.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
+    if (ctx.imageAfter) {
+      const imgParent = ctx.imageAfter.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      const swipeFrame = imgParent.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      ctx.imageAfter.style.width = `${ctx.sizeAfter.width * factor}px`;
+      ctx.imageAfter.style.height = `${ctx.sizeAfter.height * factor}px`;
+      imgParent.style.margin = `0px ${ctx.ratio[0] * factor}px`;
+      imgParent.style.width = `${ctx.sizeAfter.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      imgParent.style.height = `${ctx.sizeAfter.height * factor + 2}px`;
+      swipeFrame.style.padding = `${ctx.ratio[1] * factor}px 0 0 0`;
+      swipeFrame.style.width = `${ctx.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageBefore) {
-      const imgParent = sizes.imageBefore.parentNode;
-      const swipeFrame = imgParent.parentNode;
-      sizes.imageBefore.style.width = `${sizes.sizeBefore.width * factor}px`;
-      sizes.imageBefore.style.height = `${sizes.sizeBefore.height * factor}px`;
-      imgParent.style.margin = `${sizes.ratio[3] * factor}px ${sizes.ratio[2] * factor}px`;
-      imgParent.style.width = `${sizes.sizeBefore.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      imgParent.style.height = `${sizes.sizeBefore.height * factor + 2}px`;
-      swipeFrame.style.width = `${sizes.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      swipeFrame.style.height = `${sizes.maxSize.height * factor + 2}px`;
+    if (ctx.imageBefore) {
+      const imgParent = ctx.imageBefore.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      const swipeFrame = imgParent.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      ctx.imageBefore.style.width = `${ctx.sizeBefore.width * factor}px`;
+      ctx.imageBefore.style.height = `${ctx.sizeBefore.height * factor}px`;
+      imgParent.style.margin = `${ctx.ratio[3] * factor}px ${ctx.ratio[2] * factor}px`;
+      imgParent.style.width = `${ctx.sizeBefore.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      imgParent.style.height = `${ctx.sizeBefore.height * factor + 2}px`;
+      swipeFrame.style.width = `${ctx.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      swipeFrame.style.height = `${ctx.maxSize.height * factor + 2}px`;
     }
 
     // extra height for inner "position: absolute" elements
     const swipe = this.containerEl.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.diff-swipe');
     if (swipe) {
-      swipe.style.width = `${sizes.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      swipe.style.height = `${sizes.maxSize.height * factor + 30}px`;
+      swipe.style.width = `${ctx.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      swipe.style.height = `${ctx.maxSize.height * factor + 30}px`;
     }
 
     this.containerEl.querySelector('.swipe-bar')!.addEventListener('mousedown', (e) => {
@@ -237,40 +261,40 @@ class ImageDiff {
     document.addEventListener('mouseup', removeEventListeners);
   }
 
-  initOverlay(sizes: Record<string, any>) {
+  initOverlay(ctx: ImageContext) {
     let factor = 1;
-    if (sizes.maxSize.width > this.diffContainerWidth - 12) {
-      factor = (this.diffContainerWidth - 12) / sizes.maxSize.width;
+    if (ctx.maxSize.width > this.diffContainerWidth - 12) {
+      factor = (this.diffContainerWidth - 12) / ctx.maxSize.width;
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageAfter) {
-      const container = sizes.imageAfter.parentNode;
-      sizes.imageAfter.style.width = `${sizes.sizeAfter.width * factor}px`;
-      sizes.imageAfter.style.height = `${sizes.sizeAfter.height * factor}px`;
-      container.style.margin = `${sizes.ratio[1] * factor}px ${sizes.ratio[0] * factor}px`;
-      container.style.width = `${sizes.sizeAfter.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      container.style.height = `${sizes.sizeAfter.height * factor + 2}px`;
+    if (ctx.imageAfter) {
+      const container = ctx.imageAfter.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      ctx.imageAfter.style.width = `${ctx.sizeAfter.width * factor}px`;
+      ctx.imageAfter.style.height = `${ctx.sizeAfter.height * factor}px`;
+      container.style.margin = `${ctx.ratio[1] * factor}px ${ctx.ratio[0] * factor}px`;
+      container.style.width = `${ctx.sizeAfter.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      container.style.height = `${ctx.sizeAfter.height * factor + 2}px`;
     }
 
-    if (sizes.imageBefore) {
-      const container = sizes.imageBefore.parentNode;
-      const overlayFrame = container.parentNode;
-      sizes.imageBefore.style.width = `${sizes.sizeBefore.width * factor}px`;
-      sizes.imageBefore.style.height = `${sizes.sizeBefore.height * factor}px`;
-      container.style.margin = `${sizes.ratio[3] * factor}px ${sizes.ratio[2] * factor}px`;
-      container.style.width = `${sizes.sizeBefore.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      container.style.height = `${sizes.sizeBefore.height * factor + 2}px`;
+    if (ctx.imageBefore) {
+      const container = ctx.imageBefore.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      const overlayFrame = container.parentNode as HTMLElement;
+      ctx.imageBefore.style.width = `${ctx.sizeBefore.width * factor}px`;
+      ctx.imageBefore.style.height = `${ctx.sizeBefore.height * factor}px`;
+      container.style.margin = `${ctx.ratio[3] * factor}px ${ctx.ratio[2] * factor}px`;
+      container.style.width = `${ctx.sizeBefore.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      container.style.height = `${ctx.sizeBefore.height * factor + 2}px`;
 
       // some inner elements are `position: absolute`, so the container's height must be large enough
-      overlayFrame.style.width = `${sizes.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
-      overlayFrame.style.height = `${sizes.maxSize.height * factor + 2}px`;
+      overlayFrame.style.width = `${ctx.maxSize.width * factor + 2}px`;
+      overlayFrame.style.height = `${ctx.maxSize.height * factor + 2}px`;
     }
 
     const rangeInput = this.containerEl.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[type="range"]')!;
 
     function updateOpacity() {
-      if (sizes.imageAfter) {
-        sizes.imageAfter.parentNode.style.opacity = `${Number(rangeInput.value) / 100}`;
+      if (ctx.imageAfter) {
+        (ctx.imageAfter.parentNode as HTMLElement).style.opacity = `${Number(rangeInput.value) / 100}`;
       }
     }
 
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/repo-issue-edit.ts b/web_src/js/features/repo-issue-edit.ts
index 6bed000886..3838c4f041 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/repo-issue-edit.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/repo-issue-edit.ts
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ async function tryOnEditContent(e: Event) {
   showElem(editContentZone);
   hideElem(renderContent);
 
-  comboMarkdownEditor = getComboMarkdownEditor(editContentZone.querySelector('.combo-markdown-editor'));
+  comboMarkdownEditor = getComboMarkdownEditor(editContentZone.querySelector('.combo-markdown-editor'))!;
   if (!comboMarkdownEditor) {
     editContentZone.innerHTML = document.querySelector('#issue-comment-editor-template')!.innerHTML;
     const form = editContentZone.querySelector('form')!;
@@ -139,7 +139,7 @@ async function tryOnQuoteReply(e: Event) {
     editor = await handleReply(replyBtn);
   } else {
     // for normal issue/comment page
-    editor = getComboMarkdownEditor(document.querySelector('#comment-form .combo-markdown-editor'));
+    editor = getComboMarkdownEditor(document.querySelector('#comment-form .combo-markdown-editor'))!;
   }
 
   if (editor.value()) {
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/repo-release.test.ts b/web_src/js/features/repo-release.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..789aeaceb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/web_src/js/features/repo-release.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+import {guessPreviousReleaseTag} from './repo-release.ts';
+
+test('guessPreviousReleaseTag', async () => {
+  expect(guessPreviousReleaseTag('v0.9', ['v1.0', 'v1.2', 'v1.4', 'v1.6'])).toBe('');
+  expect(guessPreviousReleaseTag('1.3', ['v1.0', 'v1.2', 'v1.4', 'v1.6'])).toBe('v1.2');
+  expect(guessPreviousReleaseTag('rel/1.3', ['v1.0', 'v1.2', 'v1.4', 'v1.6'])).toBe('v1.2');
+  expect(guessPreviousReleaseTag('v1.3', ['rel/1.0', 'rel/1.2', 'rel/1.4', 'rel/1.6'])).toBe('rel/1.2');
+  expect(guessPreviousReleaseTag('v2.0', ['v1.0', 'v1.2', 'v1.4', 'v1.6'])).toBe('v1.6');
+});
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/repo-release.ts b/web_src/js/features/repo-release.ts
index 30680c543b..d21fb34011 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/repo-release.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/repo-release.ts
@@ -1,43 +1,47 @@
+import {POST} from '../modules/fetch.ts';
+import {hideToastsAll, showErrorToast} from '../modules/toast.ts';
+import {getComboMarkdownEditor} from './comp/ComboMarkdownEditor.ts';
 import {hideElem, showElem} from '../utils/dom.ts';
+import {fomanticQuery} from '../modules/fomantic/base.ts';
+import {registerGlobalEventFunc, registerGlobalInitFunc} from '../modules/observer.ts';
+import {htmlEscape} from '../utils/html.ts';
+import {compareVersions} from 'compare-versions';
 
-export function initRepoRelease() {
-  document.addEventListener('click', (e: Event) => {
-    if ((e.target as HTMLElement).matches('.remove-rel-attach')) {
-      const uuid = (e.target as HTMLElement).getAttribute('data-uuid');
-      const id = (e.target as HTMLElement).getAttribute('data-id');
-      document.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>(`input[name='attachment-del-${uuid}']`)!.value = 'true';
-      hideElem(`#attachment-${id}`);
-    }
+export function initRepoReleaseNew() {
+  registerGlobalEventFunc('click', 'onReleaseEditAttachmentDelete', (el) => {
+    const uuid = el.getAttribute('data-uuid')!;
+    const id = el.getAttribute('data-id')!;
+    document.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>(`input[name='attachment-del-${uuid}']`)!.value = 'true';
+    hideElem(`#attachment-${id}`);
+  });
+  registerGlobalInitFunc('initReleaseEditForm', (elForm: HTMLFormElement) => {
+    initTagNameEditor(elForm);
+    initGenerateReleaseNotes(elForm);
   });
 }
 
-export function initRepoReleaseNew() {
-  if (!document.querySelector('.repository.new.release')) return;
-
-  initTagNameEditor();
+function getReleaseFormExistingTags(elForm: HTMLFormElement): Array<string> {
+  return JSON.parse(elForm.getAttribute('data-existing-tags')!);
 }
 
-function initTagNameEditor() {
-  const el = document.querySelector('#tag-name-editor');
-  if (!el) return;
+function initTagNameEditor(elForm: HTMLFormElement) {
+  const tagNameInput = elForm.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[type=text][name=tag_name]');
+  if (!tagNameInput) return; // only init if tag name input exists (the tag name is editable)
 
-  const existingTags = JSON.parse(el.getAttribute('data-existing-tags')!);
-  if (!Array.isArray(existingTags)) return;
+  const existingTags = getReleaseFormExistingTags(elForm);
+  const defaultTagHelperText = elForm.getAttribute('data-tag-helper');
+  const newTagHelperText = elForm.getAttribute('data-tag-helper-new');
+  const existingTagHelperText = elForm.getAttribute('data-tag-helper-existing');
 
-  const defaultTagHelperText = el.getAttribute('data-tag-helper');
-  const newTagHelperText = el.getAttribute('data-tag-helper-new');
-  const existingTagHelperText = el.getAttribute('data-tag-helper-existing');
-
-  const tagNameInput = document.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('#tag-name')!;
   const hideTargetInput = function(tagNameInput: HTMLInputElement) {
     const value = tagNameInput.value;
-    const tagHelper = document.querySelector('#tag-helper')!;
+    const tagHelper = elForm.querySelector('.tag-name-helper')!;
     if (existingTags.includes(value)) {
       // If the tag already exists, hide the target branch selector.
-      hideElem('#tag-target-selector');
+      hideElem(elForm.querySelectorAll('.tag-target-selector'));
       tagHelper.textContent = existingTagHelperText;
     } else {
-      showElem('#tag-target-selector');
+      showElem(elForm.querySelectorAll('.tag-target-selector'));
       tagHelper.textContent = value ? newTagHelperText : defaultTagHelperText;
     }
   };
@@ -46,3 +50,102 @@ function initTagNameEditor() {
     hideTargetInput(e.target as HTMLInputElement);
   });
 }
+
+export function guessPreviousReleaseTag(tagName: string, existingTags: Array<string>): string {
+  let guessedPreviousTag = '', guessedPreviousVer = '';
+
+  const cleanup = (s: string) => {
+    const pos = s.lastIndexOf('/');
+    if (pos >= 0) s = s.substring(pos + 1);
+    if (s.substring(0, 1).toLowerCase() === 'v') s = s.substring(1);
+    return s;
+  };
+
+  const newVer = cleanup(tagName);
+  for (const s of existingTags) {
+    const existingVer = cleanup(s);
+    try {
+      if (compareVersions(existingVer, newVer) >= 0) continue;
+      if (!guessedPreviousTag || compareVersions(existingVer, guessedPreviousVer) > 0) {
+        guessedPreviousTag = s;
+        guessedPreviousVer = existingVer;
+      }
+    } catch {}
+  }
+  return guessedPreviousTag;
+}
+
+function initGenerateReleaseNotes(elForm: HTMLFormElement) {
+  const buttonShowModal = elForm.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('.button.generate-release-notes')!;
+  const tagNameInput = elForm.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[name=tag_name]')!;
+  const targetInput = elForm.querySelector<HTMLInputElement>('input[name=tag_target]')!;
+
+  const textMissingTag = buttonShowModal.getAttribute('data-text-missing-tag')!;
+  const generateUrl = buttonShowModal.getAttribute('data-generate-url')!;
+
+  const elModal = document.querySelector('#generate-release-notes-modal')!;
+
+  const doSubmit = async (tagName: string) => {
+    const elPreviousTag = elModal.querySelector<HTMLSelectElement>('[name=previous_tag]')!;
+    const comboEditor = getComboMarkdownEditor(elForm.querySelector<HTMLElement>('.combo-markdown-editor'))!;
+
+    const form = new URLSearchParams();
+    form.set('tag_name', tagName);
+    form.set('tag_target', targetInput.value);
+    form.set('previous_tag', elPreviousTag.value);
+
+    elModal.classList.add('loading', 'disabled');
+    try {
+      const resp = await POST(generateUrl, {data: form});
+      const data = await resp.json();
+      if (!resp.ok) {
+        showErrorToast(data.errorMessage || resp.statusText);
+        return;
+      }
+      const oldValue = comboEditor.value().trim();
+      if (oldValue) {
+        // Don't overwrite existing content. Maybe in the future we can let users decide: overwrite or append or copy-to-clipboard
+        // GitHub just disables the button if the content is not empty
+        comboEditor.value(`${oldValue}\n\n${data.content}`);
+      } else {
+        comboEditor.value(data.content);
+      }
+    } finally {
+      elModal.classList.remove('loading', 'disabled');
+      fomanticQuery(elModal).modal('hide');
+      comboEditor.focus();
+    }
+  };
+
+  let inited = false;
+  const doShowModal = () => {
+    hideToastsAll();
+    const tagName = tagNameInput.value.trim();
+    if (!tagName) {
+      showErrorToast(textMissingTag, {duration: 3000});
+      tagNameInput.focus();
+      return;
+    }
+
+    const existingTags = getReleaseFormExistingTags(elForm);
+    const $dropdown = fomanticQuery(elModal.querySelector('[name=previous_tag]')!);
+    if (!inited) {
+      inited = true;
+      const values = [];
+      for (const tagName of existingTags) {
+        values.push({name: htmlEscape(tagName), value: tagName}); // ATTENTION: dropdown takes the "name" input as raw HTML
+      }
+      $dropdown.dropdown('change values', values);
+    }
+    $dropdown.dropdown('set selected', guessPreviousReleaseTag(tagName, existingTags));
+
+    fomanticQuery(elModal).modal({
+      onApprove: () => {
+        doSubmit(tagName); // don't await, need to return false to keep the modal
+        return false;
+      },
+    }).modal('show');
+  };
+
+  buttonShowModal.addEventListener('click', doShowModal);
+}
diff --git a/web_src/js/features/user-auth-webauthn.ts b/web_src/js/features/user-auth-webauthn.ts
index 50165c3377..6de84e94e0 100644
--- a/web_src/js/features/user-auth-webauthn.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/features/user-auth-webauthn.ts
@@ -11,13 +11,8 @@ export async function initUserAuthWebAuthn() {
     return;
   }
 
-  // webauthn is only supported on secure contexts
-  if (!window.isSecureContext) {
-    if (elSignInPasskeyBtn) hideElem(elSignInPasskeyBtn);
-    return;
-  }
-
   if (!detectWebAuthnSupport()) {
+    if (elSignInPasskeyBtn) hideElem(elSignInPasskeyBtn);
     return;
   }
 
diff --git a/web_src/js/globals.d.ts b/web_src/js/globals.d.ts
index 00f1744a95..49ce63d688 100644
--- a/web_src/js/globals.d.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/globals.d.ts
@@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ declare module '*.vue' {
   import type {DefineComponent} from 'vue';
   const component: DefineComponent<unknown, unknown, any>;
   export default component;
-  // List of named exports from vue components, used to make `tsc` output clean.
-  // To actually lint .vue files, `vue-tsc` is used because `tsc` can not parse them.
+  // Here we declare all exports from vue files so `tsc` or `tsgo` can work for
+  // non-vue files. To lint .vue files, `vue-tsc` must be used.
   export function initDashboardRepoList(): void;
   export function initRepositoryActionView(): void;
 }
diff --git a/web_src/js/index-domready.ts b/web_src/js/index-domready.ts
index 8f5d4ecb15..660e5c0989 100644
--- a/web_src/js/index-domready.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/index-domready.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import {initRepoMigrationStatusChecker} from './features/repo-migrate.ts';
 import {initRepoDiffView} from './features/repo-diff.ts';
 import {initOrgTeam} from './features/org-team.ts';
 import {initUserAuthWebAuthn, initUserAuthWebAuthnRegister} from './features/user-auth-webauthn.ts';
-import {initRepoRelease, initRepoReleaseNew} from './features/repo-release.ts';
+import {initRepoReleaseNew} from './features/repo-release.ts';
 import {initRepoEditor} from './features/repo-editor.ts';
 import {initCompSearchUserBox} from './features/comp/SearchUserBox.ts';
 import {initInstall} from './features/install.ts';
@@ -133,7 +133,6 @@ const initPerformanceTracer = callInitFunctions([
   initRepoProject,
   initRepoPullRequestAllowMaintainerEdit,
   initRepoPullRequestReview,
-  initRepoRelease,
   initRepoReleaseNew,
   initRepoTopicBar,
   initRepoViewFileTree,
diff --git a/web_src/js/modules/fomantic/form.ts b/web_src/js/modules/fomantic/form.ts
index 841d945353..47b576ec4f 100644
--- a/web_src/js/modules/fomantic/form.ts
+++ b/web_src/js/modules/fomantic/form.ts
@@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ export function initAriaFormFieldPatch() {
   for (const el of document.querySelectorAll('.ui.form .field')) {
     if (el.hasAttribute('data-field-patched')) continue;
     const label = el.querySelector(':scope > label');
-    const input = el.querySelector(':scope > input');
+    const input = el.querySelector(':scope > input, :scope > select');
     if (!label || !input) continue;
     linkLabelAndInput(label, input);
     el.setAttribute('data-field-patched', 'true');