Go-MySQL-Driver
A MySQL-Driver for Go's database/sql package
Latest stable Release: Version 1.2 (June 03, 2014)
Features
- Lightweight and fast
- Native Go implementation. No C-bindings, just pure Go
- Connections over TCP/IPv4, TCP/IPv6, Unix domain sockets or custom protocols
- Automatic handling of broken connections
- Automatic Connection Pooling (by database/sql package)
- Supports queries larger than 16MB
- Full
sql.RawBytessupport. - Intelligent
LONG DATAhandling in prepared statements - Secure
LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILEsupport with file Whitelisting andio.Readersupport - Optional
time.Timeparsing - Optional placeholder interpolation
Requirements
- Go 1.2 or higher
- MySQL (4.1+), MariaDB, Percona Server, Google CloudSQL or Sphinx (2.2.3+)
Installation
Simple install the package to your $GOPATH with the go tool from shell:
$ go get github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql
Make sure Git is installed on your machine and in your system's PATH.
Usage
Go MySQL Driver is an implementation of Go's database/sql/driver interface. You only need to import the driver and can use the full database/sql API then.
Use mysql as driverName and a valid DSN as dataSourceName:
import "database/sql"
import _ "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
db, err := sql.Open("mysql", "user:password@/dbname")
Examples are available in our Wiki.
DSN (Data Source Name)
The Data Source Name has a common format, like e.g. PEAR DB uses it, but without type-prefix (optional parts marked by squared brackets):
[username[:password]@][protocol[(address)]]/dbname[?param1=value1&...¶mN=valueN]
A DSN in its fullest form:
username:password@protocol(address)/dbname?param=value
Except for the databasename, all values are optional. So the minimal DSN is:
/dbname
If you do not want to preselect a database, leave dbname empty:
/
This has the same effect as an empty DSN string:
Alternatively, Config.FormatDSN can be used to create a DSN string by filling a struct.
Password
Passwords can consist of any character. Escaping is not necessary.
Protocol
See net.Dial for more information which networks are available. In general you should use an Unix domain socket if available and TCP otherwise for best performance.
Address
For TCP and UDP networks, addresses have the form host:port.
If host is a literal IPv6 address, it must be enclosed in square brackets.
The functions net.JoinHostPort and net.SplitHostPort manipulate addresses in this form.
For Unix domain sockets the address is the absolute path to the MySQL-Server-socket, e.g. /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock or /tmp/mysql.sock.
Parameters
Parameters are case-sensitive!
Notice that any of true, TRUE, True or 1 is accepted to stand for a true boolean value. Not surprisingly, false can be specified as any of: false, FALSE, False or 0.
allowAllFiles
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
allowAllFiles=true disables the file Whitelist for LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE and allows all files.
Might be insecure!
allowCleartextPasswords
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
allowCleartextPasswords=true allows using the cleartext client side plugin if required by an account, such as one defined with the PAM authentication plugin. Sending passwords in clear text may be a security problem in some configurations. To avoid problems if there is any possibility that the password would be intercepted, clients should connect to MySQL Server using a method that protects the password. Possibilities include TLS / SSL, IPsec, or a private network.
allowNativePasswords
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
allowNativePasswords=true allows the usage of the mysql native password method.
allowOldPasswords
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
allowOldPasswords=true allows the usage of the insecure old password method. This should be avoided, but is necessary in some cases. See also the old_passwords wiki page.
charset
Type: string
Valid Values: <name>
Default: none
Sets the charset used for client-server interaction ("SET NAMES <value>"). If multiple charsets are set (separated by a comma), the following charset is used if setting the charset failes. This enables for example support for utf8mb4 (introduced in MySQL 5.5.3) with fallback to utf8 for older servers (charset=utf8mb4,utf8).
Usage of the charset parameter is discouraged because it issues additional queries to the server.
Unless you need the fallback behavior, please use collation instead.
collation
Type: string
Valid Values: <name>
Default: utf8_general_ci
Sets the collation used for client-server interaction on connection. In contrast to charset, collation does not issue additional queries. If the specified collation is unavailable on the target server, the connection will fail.
A list of valid charsets for a server is retrievable with SHOW COLLATION.
clientFoundRows
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
clientFoundRows=true causes an UPDATE to return the number of matching rows instead of the number of rows changed.
columnsWithAlias
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
When columnsWithAlias is true, calls to sql.Rows.Columns() will return the table alias and the column name separated by a dot. For example:
SELECT u.id FROM users as u
will return u.id instead of just id if columnsWithAlias=true.
interpolateParams
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
If interpolateParams is true, placeholders (?) in calls to db.Query() and db.Exec() are interpolated into a single query string with given parameters. This reduces the number of roundtrips, since the driver has to prepare a statement, execute it with given parameters and close the statement again with interpolateParams=false.
This can not be used together with the multibyte encodings BIG5, CP932, GB2312, GBK or SJIS. These are blacklisted as they may introduce a SQL injection vulnerability!
loc
Type: string
Valid Values: <escaped name>
Default: UTC
Sets the location for time.Time values (when using parseTime=true). "Local" sets the system's location. See time.LoadLocation for details.
Note that this sets the location for time.Time values but does not change MySQL's time_zone setting. For that see the time_zone system variable, which can also be set as a DSN parameter.
Please keep in mind, that param values must be url.QueryEscape'ed. Alternatively you can manually replace the / with %2F. For example US/Pacific would be loc=US%2FPacific.
maxAllowedPacket
Type: decimal number
Default: 0
Max packet size allowed in bytes. Use maxAllowedPacket=0 to automatically fetch the max_allowed_packet variable from server.
multiStatements
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
Allow multiple statements in one query. While this allows batch queries, it also greatly increases the risk of SQL injections. Only the result of the first query is returned, all other results are silently discarded.
When multiStatements is used, ? parameters must only be used in the first statement.
parseTime
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
parseTime=true changes the output type of DATE and DATETIME values to time.Time instead of []byte / string
readTimeout
Type: decimal number
Default: 0
I/O read timeout. The value must be a decimal number with an unit suffix ( "ms", "s", "m", "h" ), such as "30s", "0.5m" or "1m30s".
strict
Type: bool
Valid Values: true, false
Default: false
strict=true enables a driver-side strict mode in which MySQL warnings are treated as errors. This mode should not be used in production as it may lead to data corruption in certain situations.
A server-side strict mode, which is safe for production use, can be set via the sql_mode system variable.
By default MySQL also treats notes as warnings. Use sql_notes=false to ignore notes.
timeout
Type: decimal number
Default: OS default
Driver side connection timeout. The value must be a decimal number with an unit suffix ( "ms", "s", "m", "h" ), such as "30s", "0.5m" or "1m30s". To set a server side timeout, use the parameter wait_timeout.
tls
Type: bool / string
Valid Values: true, false, skip-verify, <name>
Default: false
tls=true enables TLS / SSL encrypted connection to the server. Use skip-verify if you want to use a self-signed or invalid certificate (server side). Use a custom value registered with mysql.RegisterTLSConfig.
writeTimeout
Type: decimal number
Default: 0
I/O write timeout. The value must be a decimal number with an unit suffix ( "ms", "s", "m", "h" ), such as "30s", "0.5m" or "1m30s".
System Variables
All other parameters are interpreted as system variables:
autocommit:"SET autocommit=<value>"time_zone:"SET time_zone=<value>"tx_isolation:"SET tx_isolation=<value>"param:"SET <param>=<value>"
The values must be url.QueryEscape'ed!
Examples
user@unix(/path/to/socket)/dbname
root:pw@unix(/tmp/mysql.sock)/myDatabase?loc=Local
user:password@tcp(localhost:5555)/dbname?tls=skip-verify&autocommit=true
Treat warnings as errors by setting the system variable sql_mode:
user:password@/dbname?sql_mode=TRADITIONAL
TCP via IPv6:
user:password@tcp([de:ad:be:ef::ca:fe]:80)/dbname?timeout=90s&collation=utf8mb4_unicode_ci
TCP on a remote host, e.g. Amazon RDS:
id:password@tcp(your-amazonaws-uri.com:3306)/dbname
Google Cloud SQL on App Engine (First Generation MySQL Server):
user@cloudsql(project-id:instance-name)/dbname
Google Cloud SQL on App Engine (Second Generation MySQL Server):
user@cloudsql(project-id:regionname:instance-name)/dbname
TCP using default port (3306) on localhost:
user:password@tcp/dbname?charset=utf8mb4,utf8&sys_var=esc%40ped
Use the default protocol (tcp) and host (localhost:3306):
user:password@/dbname
No Database preselected:
user:password@/
LOAD DATA LOCAL INFILE support
For this feature you need direct access to the package. Therefore you must change the import path (no _):
import "github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql"
Files must be whitelisted by registering them with mysql.RegisterLocalFile(filepath) (recommended) or the Whitelist check must be deactivated by using the DSN parameter allowAllFiles=true (Might be insecure!).
To use a io.Reader a handler function must be registered with mysql.RegisterReaderHandler(name, handler) which returns a io.Reader or io.ReadCloser. The Reader is available with the filepath Reader::<name> then. Choose different names for different handlers and DeregisterReaderHandler when you don't need it anymore.
See the godoc of Go-MySQL-Driver for details.
time.Time support
The default internal output type of MySQL DATE and DATETIME values is []byte which allows you to scan the value into a []byte, string or sql.RawBytes variable in your programm.
However, many want to scan MySQL DATE and DATETIME values into time.Time variables, which is the logical opposite in Go to DATE and DATETIME in MySQL. You can do that by changing the internal output type from []byte to time.Time with the DSN parameter parseTime=true. You can set the default time.Time location with the loc DSN parameter.
Caution: As of Go 1.1, this makes time.Time the only variable type you can scan DATE and DATETIME values into. This breaks for example sql.RawBytes support.
Alternatively you can use the NullTime type as the scan destination, which works with both time.Time and string / []byte.
Unicode support
Since version 1.1 Go-MySQL-Driver automatically uses the collation utf8_general_ci by default.
Other collations / charsets can be set using the collation DSN parameter.
Version 1.0 of the driver recommended adding &charset=utf8 (alias for SET NAMES utf8) to the DSN to enable proper UTF-8 support. This is not necessary anymore. The collation parameter should be preferred to set another collation / charset than the default.
See http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.7/en/charset-unicode.html for more details on MySQL's Unicode support.
Testing / Development
To run the driver tests you may need to adjust the configuration. See the Testing Wiki-Page for details.
Go-MySQL-Driver is not feature-complete yet. Your help is very appreciated. If you want to contribute, you can work on an open issue or review a pull request.
See the Contribution Guidelines for details.
License
Go-MySQL-Driver is licensed under the Mozilla Public License Version 2.0
Mozilla summarizes the license scope as follows:
MPL: The copyleft applies to any files containing MPLed code.
That means:
- You can use the unchanged source code both in private and commercially
- When distributing, you must publish the source code of any changed files licensed under the MPL 2.0 under a) the MPL 2.0 itself or b) a compatible license (e.g. GPL 3.0 or Apache License 2.0)
- You needn't publish the source code of your library as long as the files licensed under the MPL 2.0 are unchanged
Please read the MPL 2.0 FAQ if you have further questions regarding the license.
You can read the full terms here: LICENSE
